A family history of mental illness, particularly parental depression, is a risk factor for mental health difficulties in young people, with this heightened risk extending into adulthood. Evidence suggests low rates of formal mental health support in children/adolescents with depressed parents, but it is unknown whether this pattern persists into adulthood and applies to informal support.

We examined the prevalence of formal and informal mental health support accessed by young adults with recurrently depressed parents. We identified factors associated with access to different support, and report satisfaction with support.

The sample included 144 young adults (mean age 23 years, range 18–28 years) who completed psychiatric assessments and reported on their use of mental health support in a cross-sectional analysis of a longitudinal cohort study (wave 4). Regression analyses explored predictors for support.

Young adults accessed a range of formal (29%) and informal (56%) support. Among those with a psychiatric disorder, nearly half had not accessed formal support and a fifth had not accessed any support. Predictors of support included psychiatric disorder, severity indicators (e.g. self-harm/suicidal thoughts, impairment) and demographic factors (e.g. education, gender). Predictors varied by type of support. Most participants reported satisfaction with support.

Young adults at high risk of mental disorders accessed various mental health support. However, many did not access/receive support when needed. Further work is required to improve access to tailored support.

Myocardial bridge contributes to chest pain, often accompanied by non-specific complaints.

Our study aims to determine somatic symptom disorder (SSD) prevalence in patients with myocardial bridge, investigating associated clinical and psychological features.

In this prospective cross-sectional study, we enrolled 1357 participants (337 with and 1020 without myocardial bridge) from Shanghai Renji Hospital. The Somatic Symptom Scale-China questionnaire was used to assess SSD. Depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7).

The prevalence of SSD in the myocardial bridge group was 63.2%, higher than the group without myocardial bridge (53.8%). Patients with myocardial bridge were at an increased risk of SSD (odds ratio 1.362, 95% CI 1.026–1.809; P = 0.033). There were no differences in the mean PHQ-9 scores (3.2 ± 3.4 v. 3.2 ± 4.1; P = 0.751) or GAD-7 scores (2.5 ± 3.0 v. 2.3 ± 3.7; P = 0.143) between the two groups. Among patients with myocardial bridge, gender was the only independent risk factor for SSD. Women were 3.119 times more likely to experience SSD compared with men (95% CI 1.537–6.329; P = 0.002).

Our findings emphasise the high prevalence and severity of SSD among patients with myocardial bridge. The screening for SSD should be of particular concern, especially among female patients.

Depression is one of the most common mental diseases, leading to a decline in both psychiatric and physical functions. One non-pharmacological therapeutic strategy for the management of psychiatric disorders is music therapy.

To assess the clinical effectiveness of music therapy and its various subscales for managing depressive symptoms (primary outcome) and related problems (secondary outcome) in comparison with other conventional treatments.

A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Review, CINAHL, PsyInfo and KMbase was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials published up to 31 August 2023. Studies assessing the clinical effectiveness of music therapy for individuals with depression were included, and data on participants, music therapy and clinical measurement scores were extracted. This study was registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42023466833).

Music therapy was significantly more effective than controls in reducing depressive symptoms (standardised mean difference (SMD) −0.97 [95% CI: −1.23 to −0.71], P < 0.01). This benefit was consistent regardless of music therapy types, delivery methods or provider professionalism. In addition, music therapy was significantly better than controls in improving quality of life (SMD 0.51 [95% CI: 0.19−0.83], P < 0.01) and sleep quality (SMD −0.61 [95% CI: −1.03 to −0.19], P < 0.01), although it showed only a non-significant trend towards reducing anxiety (SMD −0.98 [95% CI: −2.01 to 0.06], P = 0.06). The evidence level was very low due to high risk of bias, inconsistency due to high heterogeneity and imprecision.

Despite the very low evidence level, music therapy may be recommended with weak strength for patients with depression, considering the results of the meta-analysis and the high accessibility and broad applicability of music.

Hong Kong’s 3-year dynamic zero-COVID policy has caused prolonged exposure to stringent, pervasive anti-epidemic measures, which poses additional stressors on emotional well-being through pandemic fatigue, beyond the incumbent fear of the pandemic.

To investigate how major policy shifts in the zero-COVID strategy have corresponded with changing relationships between emotional well-being, pandemic fatigue from policy adherence, and pandemic fear, following the pandemic peak to a living-with-COVID policy.

A three-wave repeated cross-sectional study (N = 2266) was conducted on the Chinese working-age population (18–64 years) during the peak outbreak (Wave 1), and subsequent policy shifts towards a living-with-COVID policy during the initial relaxation (Wave 2) and full relaxation (Wave 3) of anti-epidemic measures from March 2022 to March 2023. Non-parametric tests, consisting of robust analysis of covariance tests and quantile regression analysis, were performed.

The severity of all measures was lowered after Wave 1; however, extreme pandemic fears reported in Wave 2 (n = 38, 7.7%) were associated with worse emotional well-being than the pandemic peak (Wave 1), which then subsided in Wave 3. Pandemic fatigue posed greater negative emotional well-being in Wave 1, whereas pandemic fear was the dominant predictor in Waves 2 and 3.

Pandemic fatigue and pandemic fear together robustly highlight the psychological cost of prolonged pandemic responses, expanding on a framework for monitoring and minimising the unintended mental health ramifications of anti-epidemic policies.

Auditory hallucinations (hearing voices in the absence of physical stimuli) are present in clinical conditions, but they are also experienced less frequently by healthy individuals. In the non-clinical population, auditory hallucinations are described more often as positive and not intrusive; indeed, they have received less attention.

The present study explores the phenomenology of non-clinical auditory hallucinations and their possible relationship with religiosity.

Starting from previous findings suggesting that non-clinical auditory hallucinations are often described as a gift or a way to be connected with ‘someone else’, we administered standardised questionnaires to quantify proneness to experiencing auditory hallucinations, religiosity and anxiety/depression scores.

Regression analysis carried out using an auditory hallucinations, index as the dependent variable on a final sample of 680 responders revealed that a total of 31% of the variance was explained by a five-steps model including demographic characteristics (i.e. being young, a woman and a non-believer) and negative (e.g. being afraid of otherworldly punishments) and positive (e.g. believing in benevolent supernatural forces) components of religiosity, anxiety and depression. Crucially, compared with believers, non-believers revealed higher scores in depression, anxiety and in a specific questionnaire measuring proneness to auditory hallucinations.

Results suggests that religiosity acts as a potential protective factor for proneness to paranormal experiences, but a complex relationship emerges between religious beliefs, mood alterations and unusual experiences.

People with an intellectual disability are vulnerable to additional disorders such as dementia. Psychometrically sound and specific instruments are needed for assessment of cognitive functioning in cases of suspected dementia.

To evaluate the construct and item validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability of a new neuropsychological test battery, the Dementia Test for People with Intellectual Disability (DTIM).

The DTIM was applied to 107 individuals with intellectual disability with (n = 16) and without (n = 91) dementia. The psychometric properties of the DTIM were assessed in a prospective study. The assessors were blinded to the diagnostic assignment.

Confirmatory factor analysis at the scale level showed that a one-factor model fitted the data well (root mean square error of approximation < 0.06, standardised root mean square residual < 0.08, comparative fit index > 0.9). At the domain level, one-factor models showed reasonable-to-good fit index for five of seven domains. Internal consistency indicated excellent reliability of the overall scale (Cronbach’s α: 0.94 for dementia and 0.95 for controls). Item analysis revealed a wide range of difficulties (0.19–0.75 for dementia, 0.31–0.87 for controls), with minimal floor and ceiling effects. Eleven items (26%) had discrimination value ≤ 0.50. Test–retest reliability (n = 82) was high, with intraclass correlations of 0.95 (total score) and 0.69–0.96 (domains).

The DTIM fits a one-factor model and demonstrates internal and test–retest reliability; thus, it is suitable for use in cases of suspected dementia in people with various intellectual disabilities.

Work stress levels rose among health and educational workforces during the COVID-19 pandemic, and can affect employee well-being and organisational efficiency.

To explore the association of work stress with mental health, including suicidal ideation and physical health, as well as presenteeism, as aspects of organisational efficiency in UK healthcare and university workers.

A total of 328 UK participants completed self-report questionnaires between April 2022 and September 2023 in the context of the European Platform to Promote Wellbeing and Health in the Workplace (EMPOWER) study. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted.

Two hundred and ninety-two (90%) employees reported work-related stress (Mini-Psychosocial Stressors at Work Scale). Depressive, anxiety and somatic symptoms were reported (61, 55 and 75%, respectively); 11% of the participants reported suicidal ideation (Patient Health Questionnaire 9) and 56% reported presenteeism (iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire). Psychological and somatic symptoms were worse when suicidal ideation or presenteeism was reported. Stressful work factors included having too much work to do (63%), a bad working atmosphere (28%), poor work–home balance (32%) and working hours hindering private life (35%). Spearman correlations showed significant associations between work stress and suicidal ideation (0.225), depressive (0.290), anxiety (0.299) and somatic symptoms (0.245) and presenteeism (0.311), but not with having a chronic medical condition.

Given the association between work stress, suicidal ideation and presenteeism, research should explore how psychosocial risk factors linked to work stress could be reduced for healthcare and higher education employees. The findings warrant the development of policies to address work stress, and to provide employee support for suicidal ideation and presenteeism in the work setting.

People with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have a higher prevalence of comorbid depression than the general population. While previous research has shown that behavioural activation is effective for general depression, its efficacy and safety in treating depression associated with NCDs remains unclear.

To compare the efficacy and safety of behavioural activation against comparators in reducing depression symptoms in people with NCDs.

We searched six databases from inception until 30 March 2023 (updated 23 September 2024) for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing behavioural activation with comparators for depression in people with NCDs. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s ‘risk-of-bias 2 tool’. We calculated a random-effects, inverse-variance weighting meta-analysis.

Of the 21 386 initial studies, 12 RCTs (with 2144 patients) comparing behavioural activation with any comparator on treatment outcomes for depression with comorbid NCD met the inclusion criteria. Six studies rated as low risk of bias. For short-term follow-ups (up to 6 months), meta-analysis showed behavioural activation had little effect on depression symptom improvement in people with NCDs (Hedges’ g = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.15), compared to comparators, with high heterogeneity (I2 = 91.91%). Of the 12 included studies, three RCTs provided data on adverse events occurring during the trial.

Evidence from this systematic review is not sufficient to draw clear conclusions about the efficacy and safety of behavioural activation for reducing depression symptoms in people with NCDs. Future reviews need to include more high-quality, well-designed RCTs to better understand the potential benefits of behavioural activation for comorbid depression.

There are few economic evaluations of adjunctive psychosocial therapies for bipolar disorder.

Estimate the cost–utility of in-person psychosocial therapies for adults with bipolar disorder added to treatment as usual (TAU), from an Australian Government perspective.

We developed an economic model, estimating costs in 2021 Australian dollars (A$) and outcomes using quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted. The model compared psychoeducation, brief psychoeducation, carer psychoeducation, cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and family therapy when added to TAU (i.e. pharmacotherapy) over a year for adults (18–65 years) with bipolar disorder. The relative risk of relapse was sourced from two network meta-analyses and applied to the depressive phase in the base case. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and one-way sensitivity analyses were conducted, assessing robustness of results.

Carer psychoeducation was preferred in the base case when the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold is below A$1000 per QALY gained and A$1500 per DALY averted. Brief psychoeducation was preferred when WTP is between A$1000 and A$300 000 per QALY gained and A$1500 and A$450 000 per DALY averted. Family therapy was only preferred at WTP thresholds above A$300 000 per QALY gained or A$450 000 per DALY averted. In sensitivity analyses, brief psychoeducation was the preferred therapy. Psychoeducation and CBT were dominated (more costly and less effective) in base-case and sensitivity analyses.

Carer and brief psychoeducation were found to be the most cost-effective psychosocial therapies, supporting use as adjunctive treatments for adults with bipolar disorder and their families in Australia.

Care planning for recovery and to work towards hospital discharge is integral to good practice in mental health in-patient settings. Authorised leave from hospital, especially for those who are detained, can be used to check readiness for discharge and to maintain social connections that support a patient’s recovery journey. Leave therefore often involves friends and family, or ‘carers’. However, carer involvement in planning leave is limited, and carers struggle with feeling unsupported during the leave.

This study aimed to explore carers’ and mental health practitioners’ subjective experiences of leave in the context of implementing a set of practice guidelines for involving carers in planning and undertaking leave from hospital.

Nine wards in six National Health Service trusts were recruited to implement the guidelines. Interviews were undertaken with carers (n = 6) and practitioners (n = 3) from these implementation wards and with carers (n = 7) from nine usual care wards. A further ten practitioners completed an anonymous online survey. Data were analysed thematically.

Carers’ experiences on both implementation and usual care wards indicated variable levels of involvement, with carers positioned as partners in care, observers of care or outsiders to care. Practitioner perspectives highlighted practical, structural and conceptual challenges in working with carers, which precluded effective implementation of the guidelines.

The guidelines reflected what both carers and practitioners described as good practice, but resource limitations, unclear responsibilities and perceptions of carer roles limited engagement. Implementing approaches to working with carers in in-patient settings requires resourcing and clear role definition within staff–carer relationships.