Hansen, J. E., et al. (2025). Global warming has accelerated: Are the United Nations and the public well-informed? Environ.: Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev., 67 (1), 6–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494.Google Scholar

Tierney, J. E., et al. (2020). Past climates inform our future. Science, 370, eaay3701. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alexander, M. A. (2010). Extratropical air-sea interaction, sea surface temperature variability, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In Sun, D.-Z. and Bryan, F. (eds.) Climate Dynamics: Why Does the Climate Vary. Geophys. Monograph Ser. 189, pp. 123–148. American Geophysical Union, Washington, USA. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GM000794.Google Scholar

Alexander, M. A., et al. (2002). The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air–sea interaction over the global oceans. J. Clim., 15, 2205–2231.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allan, R., et al. (1996). El Niño Southern Oscillation and Climatic Variability. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 405pp.Google Scholar

Ashok, K., et al. (2007). El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J. Geophys. Res., 112(C11), C11007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003798.Google Scholar

Ashok, K. and Yamagata, T. (2009). Climate change: The El Niño with a difference. Nature, 461, 481–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baldwin, M. P., et al. (2001). The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. Rev. Geophys., 39(2), 179–229. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bard, E. and Rickaby, R. E. M. (2009). Migration of the subtropical front as a modulator of glacial climate. Nature, 460, 380–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barry, R. G. and Carleton, A. M. (2001). Synoptic and Dynamic Climatology. Routledge, London, 620pp.Google Scholar

Behera, S. K. and Yamagata, T. (2001). Subtropical SST dipole events in the southern Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 327–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bender, M. L. (2013). Paleoclimate. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 320pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, A. L. (1978). Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2362–2367.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, A. L. and Loutre, M. F. (1991). Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years. Quat. Sci. Rev., 10, 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277–3791(91)90033-Q.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bergeron, T. (1959). Methods in scientific weather analysis and forecasting: An outline in the history of ideas and hints at a program. In The Atmosphere and Sea in Motion. Rockefeller Institute Press, New York, pp. 440–474.Google Scholar

Berlage, H. P. Jr. (1966). The Southern Oscillation and world weather. Mededelingen en Verhandelingen, No. 88, KNMI, 152pp.Google Scholar

Biastoch, A., et al. (2009). Increase in Agulhas leakage due to poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere westerlies. Nature, 462, 495–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Biastoch, A., et al. (2015). Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation covaries with Agulhas leakage. Nat. Comms., 6, 10082. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bigg, G. R. (2003). The Oceans and Climate, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165013.Google Scholar

Bjerknes, J. (1969). Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163–172.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blunier, T., et al. (1998). Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period. Nature, 394, 739–743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradley, R. S. (1999). Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary, 2nd ed. International Geophysics Press, Volume 64, Academic Press, San Diego, 610pp.Google Scholar

Broccoli, A., et al. (2006). Response of the ITCZ to Northern Hemisphere cooling. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01702. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Broecker, W. S. (1998). Paleocean circulation during the last deglaciation: A bipolar seesaw? Paleoceanography, 113, 119–121. https://doi.org/10.1029/97PA03707.Google Scholar

Buchan, A. (1868). The mean pressure of the atmosphere over the globe for the months and for the year, Part I. – January, July, and the year. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 6, 303–307.Google Scholar

Buchan, A. (1869). The mean pressure of the atmosphere, and the prevailing winds for the months and for the year. Part II. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 25, 523–524.Google Scholar

Buchan, A. (1890). Report on atmospheric circulation, based on the observations made on Board H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 1873–76. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 16, 786–791.Google Scholar

Buizert, C., et al. (2018). Abrupt ice-age shifts in southern westerly winds and Antarctic climate forced from the north. Nature, 563, 681–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chiang, J. C. H. (2009). The tropics in paleoclimate. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 37, 263–297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chiang, J. C. H., et al. (2014). South Pacific Split Jet, ITCZ shifts, and atmospheric North–South linkages during abrupt climate changes of the last glacial period. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 406, 233–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clement, A. C., et al. (1999). Orbital controls on the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the tropical climate. Paleoceanography, 14(4), 441–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Compagnucci, R. H. (2011). Atmospheric circulation over Patagonia from the Jurassic to present: A review through proxy data and climatic modelling scenarios. Bio. J. Linn. Soc., 103, 229–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cowell, P. J., et al. (2003). The coastal-tract (part 1): A conceptual approach to aggregated modeling of low-order coastal change. J. Coast. Res., 19, 812–827.Google Scholar

Cronin, T. M. (1999). Principles of Paleoclimate (The Critical Moments and Perspectives in Earth History and Paleobiology). Columbia University Press, New York, 592pp.Google Scholar

Crowley, T. J. (1992). North Atlantic deep water cools the Southern Hemisphere. Paleoceanography, 7(4), 489–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dansgaard, W., et al. (1982). A new Greenland deep ice core. Science, 218(4579), 1273–1277. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.218.4579.1273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davis, B. A. S. and Brewer, S. (2009). Orbital forcing and role of the latitudinal insolation/temperature gradient. Clim. Dyn., 32, 143–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0480-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deser, C. and Phillips, A. (2017). An overview of decadal-scale sea surface temperature variability from the observational record. CLIVAR Exchanges No. 72, Past Global Changes Magazine, Volume 25, No. 1. https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.25.1.2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deutsche Seewarte. (1885). Segelhandbiicher fur den Atlantischen Ozean (mit Atlas von 36 Karten) [Sailing Handbooks for the Atlantic Ocean (with atlas of 36 charts)]. L. Friederichsen and Co., approx. 100pp.Google Scholar

Deutsche Seewarte. (1892). Segelhandbiicher fur den Indischen Ozean (mit Atlas von 35 Karten) [Sailing Handbooks for the Indian Ocean (with atlas of 35 charts)]. L. Friederichsen and Co., approx. 100pp.Google Scholar

Deutsche Seewarte. (1897). Segelhandbiicher fur den Stillen Ozean (mit Atlas von 31 Karten) [Sailing Handbooks for the Pacific Ocean (with atlas of 31 charts)]. L. Friederichsen and Co., approx. 100pp.Google Scholar

Di Lorenzo, E., et al. (2008). North Pacific Gyre Oscillation links ocean climate and ecosystem change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ekman, V. W. (1905). On the influence of the Earth’s rotation on ocean currents. Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik, Band, 2(11), 1–51.Google Scholar

Fan, T., et al. (2014). Recent Antarctic sea ice trends in the context of Southern Ocean surface climate variations since 1950. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2419–2426. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farnetti, R., et al. (2014). Pacific interdecadal variability driven by tropical–extratropical interactions. Clim. Dyn., 42(11–12), 3337–3355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1906-6.Google Scholar

Fauchereau, N., et al. (2003). Sea-surface temperature co-variability in the Southern Atlantic and Indian oceans and its connections with the atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. Int. J. Clim., 23, 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feng, M., et al. (2013). La Niña forces unprecedented Leeuwin Current warming in 2011. Sci. Rep., 2, 1277. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01277.Google Scholar

Folland, C. K., et al. (2002). Relative influences of the interdecadal pacific oscillation and ENSO on the South Pacific Convergence Zone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 13, 21-1–21-4, 1643. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franzke, C. L. E. (2009). Multi-scale analysis of teleconnection indices: Climate noise and nonlinear trend analysis. Nonlinear Process. Geophys., 16, 65–76,CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franzke, C. L. E., et al. (2020). The structure of climate variability across scales. Rev. Geophys., 58, e2019RG000657. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gil-Alana, L. (2008). Cyclical long-range dependence and the warming effect in a long temperature time series. Int. J. Clim., 28(11), 1435–1443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gill, A. E. (1982). Atmosphere–Ocean Dynamics, Int. Geophys. Ser., Volume 30, Academic Press, London, 662pp.Google Scholar

Gong, D. and Wang, S. (1999). The definition of the Antarctic oscillation index. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(4), 459–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gordon, A. L. (1986). Interocean exchange of thermocline water. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5037–5046.Google Scholar

Graves, T., et al. (2015). Efficient Bayesian inference for natural time series using ARFIMA processes. Nonlinear Process. Geophys., 22(6), 679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gregory, J. W. (1904). The Climate of Australasia: In Reference to Its Control by the Southern Ocean. Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd, Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar

Gu, D. and Philander, S. G. H. (1997). Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and the extratropics, Science, 275, 805–807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hanawa, K. and Talley, L. D. (2001). Mode waters. Chapter 5.4. In Siedler, G. and Church, J. (eds.), Ocean Circulation and Climate. Int. Geophys. Ser., Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 373–386.Google Scholar

Hays, J. D., et al. (1976). Variations in the earth’s orbit: Pacemaker of the ice ages. Science, 194, 1121–1132.Google ScholarPubMed

Hebert, R., et al. (2022). Millennial-scale climate variability over land overprinted by ocean temperature fluctuations. Nat. Geo., 15, 899–905. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hernandez, A., et al. (2020). Modes of climate variability: Synthesis and review of proxy-based reconstructions through the Holocene. Earth-Sci. Rev., 209, 103286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hildebrandsson, H. H. (1897). Quelque recherches sure les centres d’action de l’atmosphère. K. Sven. Vetenskaps akad. Handl., 29, 1–33 (1.1).Google Scholar

Holte, J., et al. (2017). An Argo mixed layer climatology and database. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5618–5626. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holton, J. R. (1979). An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 2nd ed. Int. Geophys. Ser., Volume 23, Academic Press, New York, 391pp.Google Scholar

Hu, S. and Federov, A. V. (2018). Cross-equatorial winds control El Niño diversity and change. Nat. Clim. Change, 8(9), 798–802. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0248-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Imbrie, J. and Imbrie, K. P. (1979). Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 224pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

IPCC. (2021). Annex IV: Modes of variability. (Cassou, C., et al. (eds.)). In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Masson-Delmotte, V., et al. (eds.)). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, pp. 2153–2192. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jain, S., et al. (1999). Seasonality and interannual variations of Northern Hemisphere temperature: Equator-to-pole gradient and land-ocean contrast. J. Clim., 12, 1086–1100.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, G. C. and Lyman, J. M. (2022). GOSML: A global ocean surface mixed layer statistical monthly climatology: Means, percentiles, skewness, and kurtosis. J. Geophys. Res., 127, e2021JC018219. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karoly, D. J. (1989). Southern Hemisphere circulation features associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. J. Clim., 2, 1239–1252.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karoly, D. J. (1990). The role of transient eddies in low-frequency zonal variations of the Southern Hemisphere circulation. Tellus, 42A, 41–50.Google Scholar

Kataoka, T., et al. (2014). On the Ningaloo Niño/ Niña. Clim. Dyn., 43, 1463–1482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kidson, E. (1928). British Antarctic Expedition 1907–1909. Meteorology. Rep. Sci. Investigations. H.J. Green, Melbourne, Australia, 188pp.Google Scholar

Kidson, E. (1946). Australian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14, Meteorology. Discussion of observations at Adelie Land, Queen Mary Land and Macquarie Island. Sci. Rep. Ser., B (VI), 121pp.Google Scholar

Lang, A. L., et al. (2020). Introduction to special collection: ‘Bridging weather and climate: Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction’. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125, e2019JD031833. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Latif, M., et al. (2013). Southern Ocean sector centennial climate variability and recent decadal trends. J. Clim., 26, 7767–7782. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00281.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levy, R., et al. (2019). Antarctic ice-sheet sensitivity to obliquity forcing enhanced through ocean connections. Nat. Geo., 12, 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0284-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, J. M. (1996). Winds over the world sea: Maury and Köppen. Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc., 77(5), 935–952.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, X., et al. (2015). Atlantic-induced pan-tropical climate change over the past three decades. Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2840.Google Scholar

Li, Z., et al. (2021). The origin and fate of Subantarctic Mode Water in the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanog., 51, 2951–2972.Google Scholar

de Lima, M. I. P. and Lovejoy, S. (2015). Macroweather precipitation variability up to global and centennial scales. Water Resour. Res., 51. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Limpasuvan, V. and Hartmann, D. L. (1999). Eddies and the annular modes of climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3133–3136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Limpasuvan, V. and Hartmann, D. L. (2000). Wave-maintained annular modes of climate variability. J. Clim., 13, 4414–4429.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, Z. and Alexander, M. (2007). Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climatic teleconnections. Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lockyer, N. and Lockyer, W. J. S. (1902). On the similarity of the short-period pressure variations over large areas. Proc. Roy. Soc., London, 71, 134–135.Google Scholar

Lockyer, N. and Lockyer, W. J. S. (1904). The behaviour of short-period atmospheric pressure variations over the earth’s surface. Proc. Roy. Soc., London, 73, 457–470.Google Scholar

Lockyer, W. J. S. (1909). A Discussion of Australian Meteorology, being a study of the pressure, rainfall and river changes, both seasonal and from year to year, together with a comparison of the air movements over Australia with those over South Africa and South America. Solar Phys. Committee, 117pp.Google Scholar

Lockyer, W. J. S. (1910). Does the Indian climate change? Nature, 84, 178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lovejoy, S. (2018). Spectra, intermittency, and extremes of weather, macroweather and climate. Sci. Rep., 8(1), 12697. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30829-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lovejoy, S. (2019). Weather, Macroweather and the Climate: Our Random Yet Predictable Atmosphere. Oxford University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lovejoy, S. and Schertzer, D. (2013). The Weather and Climate: Emergent Laws and Multifractal Cascades. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 660pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lovejoy, S. and Varotsos, C. (2016). Scaling regimes and linear/nonlinear responses of last millennium climate to volcanic and solar forcings. Earth Sys. Dyn., 7(1), 133–150.Google Scholar

Lovejoy, S., et al. (2018). Harnessing butterflies: Theory and practice of the stochastic seasonal to interannual prediction system (StocSIPS). In Tsonis, A. A. (eds.), Advances in Nonlinear Geosciences. Springer International Publishing, pp. 305–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58895-7_29.Google Scholar

Lovejoy, S. and Lambert, F. (2019). Spiky fluctuations and scaling in high-resolution EPICA ice core dust fluxes. Clim. Past, 15, 1999–2017. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1999-2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Madden, R. and Julian, P. (1994). Observations of the 40–50 day tropical oscillation – A review. Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 814–837.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mann, M., et al. (2014). On forced temperature changes, internal variability, and the AMO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41(9), 3211–3219. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mann, M., et al. (2021). Multidecadal climate oscillations during the past millennium driven by volcanic forcing. Science, 371(6533), 1014–1019. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mantsis, D. F., et al. (2013). Precessional cycles and their influence on the North Pacific and North Atlantic summer anticyclones. J. Clim., 26, 4596–4611. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00343.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mantua, N. J., et al. (1997). A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc., 78, 1069–1079.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Markle, B. R., et al. (2017). Global atmospheric teleconnections during Dansgaard-Oeschger events. Nat. Geo., 10, 36–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maury, M. F. (1848–1860). Wind and Current Charts. U.S. Hydrographic Office, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Maury, M. F. (1854). Maritime conference held at Brussels for devising a uniform system of meteorological observations at sea, August and September, 1853. In Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Wind and Weather Current Charts, 6th ed. Maury, M. F. and Biddle, J. Publishing, Philadelphia, pp. 54–96.Google Scholar

Maury, M. F. (1861). The Physical Geography of the Sea and Its Meteorology, 10th ed. Sampson Low and Son, London, UK, 457pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McGregor, S., et al. (2014). Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic warming. Nat. Clim. Change, 4(10), 888–892. https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meehl, G. A., et al. (2016). Antarctic sea-ice expansion between 2000 and 2014 driven by tropical Pacific decadal climate variability. Nat. Geosci., 9, 590–595. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mo, K. and Higgins, R. (1998). The Pacific-South American modes and tropical convection during the southern hemisphere winter. Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 1581–1596.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mo, K. and Paegle, J. (2001). The Pacific-South American modes and their downstream effects. Int. J. Clim., 21, 1211–1229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morioka, Y., et al. (2014). Role of tropical SST variability on the formation of subtropical dipoles. J. Clim., 27, 4486–4507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mossman, R. C. (1913). Southern Hemisphere seasonal correlations. Symon’s Meteorol. Mag., 48, 1–34.Google Scholar

Mossman, R. C. (1916). The physical conditions of the Weddell Sea. Geogr. J., 48, 479–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mossman, R. C. (1918). The climate and meteorology of Antarctic and sub–Antarctic regions. J. Scottish Meteorol. Soc., 35, 18–29.Google Scholar

Munk, W. H. (1950). On the wind-driven ocean circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 7, 80–93.Google Scholar

Neelin, J. D. (2011). Climate Change and Climate Modelling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 282pp.Google Scholar

Neelin, J. D., et al. (1998). ENSO theory. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14261–14290.Google Scholar

Newman, M., et al. (2016). The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, revisited. J. Clim., 29(12), 4399–4427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Reilly, C. H., et al. (2016). The signature of low-frequency oceanic forcing in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43(6), 2810–2818. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067925.Google Scholar

Pedro, J. B., et al. (2018). Beyond the bipolar seesaw: Toward a process understanding of interhemispheric coupling. Quat. Sci. Rev., 192, 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.05.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peixoto, J. P. and Oort, A. H. (1992). Physics of Climate. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Philander, S. G. H. (1990). El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Academic, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar

Power, S., et al. (2021). Decadal climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Characteristics, causes, predictability, and prospects. Science, 374, 48, eaay9165. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay9165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Putnam, A. E. (2015). A glacial zephyr. Paleoclimate News and Views. Nat. Geo., 8, 175–176. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ramstein, G., et al. (eds.). (2021). Paleoclimatology. Front. Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24982-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raymo, M. E. and Nisancioglu, K. (2003). The 41 kyr world: Milankovitch’s other unsolved mystery. Paleoceanography, 18(1), 1011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002PA000791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Richter, I., et al. (2010). On the triggering of Benguela Niños: Remote equatorial versus local influences. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L20604. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ridgway, K. R. and Dunn, J. R. (2007). Observational evidence for a Southern Hemisphere oceanic supergyre. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13612. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rind, D. (1998). Latitudinal temperature gradients and climate change. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5943–5971.Google Scholar

Risien, C. M. and Chelton, D. B. (2008). A global climatology of surface wind and Wind stress fields from eight years of QuikSCAT scatterometer data. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2379–2413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ruddiman, W. F. (2001). Earth’s Climate, Past and Future. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 465pp.Google Scholar

Rypdal, M. and Rypdal, K. (2016). Late quaternary temperature variability described as abrupt transitions on a 1∕f noise background. Earth Sys. Dyn., 7(1), 281–293.Google Scholar

Saji, N. H., et al. (1999). A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401, 360–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Saltzman, B. (2001). Dynamical Paleoclimatology: Generalized Theory of Global Climate Change. Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc, US, 354pp.Google Scholar

Schlesinger, M. E. (1994). An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65–70 years. Nature, 367(6465), 723–726. https://doi.org/10.1038/367723a0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmitz, W. J. (1996a). On the World Ocean Circulation: Volume I: Some global features/North Atlantic circulation. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report, WHOI-96-03, Woods Hole, MA, 141pp.Google Scholar

Schmitz, W. J. (1996b). On the World Ocean Circulation: Volume II: The Pacific and Indian Ocean circulation/Global Update. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report, WHOI-96-08, Woods Hole, MA, 237pp.Google Scholar

Shannon, L. V., et al. (1986). On the existence of an El Niño-type phenomenon in the Benguela system. J. Mar. Res., 44(3), 495–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shao, Z-G. and Ditlevsen, P. D. (2016). Contrasting scaling properties of interglacial and glacial climates. Nat. Comms., 7, 10951. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Simpson, G. C. (1919a). British Antarctic Expedition 1910–1913, Meteorology, volume 1, Discussion. Harrison and Sons, London, 326pp.Google Scholar

Simpson, G. C. (1919b). British Antarctic Expedition 1910–1913, Meteorology, volume 2, Weather Maps and Pressure Curves. Harrison and Sons, London.Google Scholar

Skinner, L., et al. (2020). Southern Ocean convection amplified past Antarctic warming and atmospheric CO₂ rise during Heinrich Stadial 4. Comms. Earth Env., 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00024-3.Google Scholar

Stocker, T. F. and Johnsen, S. J. (2003). A minimum thermodynamic model for the bipolar seesaw. Paleoceanography, 18, 1087. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stommel, H. (1948). The westward intensification of wind- driven currents. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 29, 202–206.Google Scholar

Sun, D.-Z. and Bryan, F. (eds.). (2010). Climate dynamics: Why does climate vary? Geophys. Monographs, 189, Amer. Geophys. Union, 216pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sverdrup, H. U. (1947). Wind-driven currents in a baroclinic ocean. Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci. USA, PNAS, 33, 318–326.Google Scholar

Talley, L. D., et al. (2011). Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction, 6th ed. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-24322-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taylor, G. (1928). Climatic relations between Antarctica and Australia. In Joerg, W. L. G. (ed) Problems of Polar Research. Am. Geogr. Soc., Special Publication 7, pp. 285–299.Google Scholar

Teisserenc de Bort, L. (1883). Etude sur l’hiver de 1879–80 et recherches sur l’influence de la position des grands centres d’action de l’atmosphère dans les hivers anormaux. Ann. Soc. Meteor. France, 31, 70–79.Google Scholar

Thompson, D. W. J. and Wallace, J. M. (2000). Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability. J. Clim., 13, 1000–1016.Google Scholar

Thompson, D. W. J. and Solomon, S. (2002). Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change. Science, 296, 895–899.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Timmermann, A., et al. (2007). The effect of orbital forcing on the mean climate and variability of the Tropical Pacific. J. Clim., 20, 4147–4159. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4240.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trenberth, K. E. and Shea, D. J. (2006). Atlantic hurricanes and natural variability in 2005. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12704. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Troup, A. J. (1965). The Southern Oscillation. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 490–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsonis, A. A. (2018). Insights in climate dynamics from climate networks. In, Tsonis, A. A. (ed) Advances in Nonlinear Geosciences. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp. 631–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58895-7_29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsonis, A. A., et al. (2008). On the role of atmospheric teleconnection in climate. J. Clim., 21, 2990–3001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsubouchi, T, Suga, T and Hanawa, K. (2016). Comparison study of subtropical mode waters in the world ocean. Front. Mar. Sci., 3, 270. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turney, C. S. M. and Jones, R. T. (2010). Does the Agulhas Current amplify global temperatures during super-interglacials? J. Quat. Sci., 25, 839–843. ISSN 0267-8179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vallis, G. K. (2017). Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-scale Circulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vimeux, F., et al. (1999). Glacial-interglacial changes in ocean surface conditions in the Southern Hemisphere. Nature, 398, 410–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walker, G. T. (1923). Correlation in seasonal variations of weather VIII. Mem. India Meteorol. Dept., 24, Part IV, 75–131.Google Scholar

Walker, G. T. (1924). Correlations in seasonal variations of weather. IX. Mem. India Meteorol. Dept., 24(4), 275–332.Google Scholar

Walker, G. T. (1928). World weather. Q. J. Meteorol. Soc., 54(226), 79–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walker, G. T. and Bliss, E. W. (1932). World weather V. Mem. India Meteorol. Dept., 4(36), 53–84.Google Scholar

Walker, G. T. and Bliss, E. W. (1936). World weather VI. Mem. India Meteorol. Dept., 4(39), 119–139.Google Scholar

Wallace, J. M. (2025). Gilbert T Walker’s Enduring Studies of Climate Variability. IISc Centenary Series, Vol. 6. IISc Press and World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 385pp, https://doi.org/10.1142/13888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wallace, J. M. and Gutzler, D. S. (1981). Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 784–812.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weijer, W., et al. (2019). Stability of the Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation: A review and synthesis. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 124, 5336–5375. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, P. D., et al. (2017). A census of atmospheric variability from seconds to decades. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 11201–11211. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wunsch, C. (2003). The spectral description of climate change including the 100 ky energy. Clim. Dyn., 20(4), 353–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wyrtki, K. and Meyers, G. (1975a). The trade wind field over the Pacific Ocean Part I: The mean field and the mean annual variation. Univ. Hawaii, Tech. Rept. HIG-75-1, 26pp.Google Scholar

Wyrtki, K. and Meyers, G. (1975b). The trade wind field over the Pacific Ocean Part II: Bimonthly fields of wind stress: 1950 to 1972. Univ. Hawaii, Tech. Rept. HIG-75-2, 16pp.Google Scholar

Yamagata, T., et al. (2016). Old and new faces of climate variations. Chapter 1. In Behera, S. K. and Yamagata, T. (eds.), Indo-Pacific Climate Variability and Predictability. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

Yeh, S. W., et al. (2009). El Niño in a changing climate. Nature, 461, 511–514. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zebiak, S. E. (1993). Air-Sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region. J. Clim., 6, 1567–1586.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zebiak, S. E. and Cane, M. A. (1987). A model El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 2262–2278.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amaya, D. J. (2019). The Pacific Meridional Mode and ENSO: A review. Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 5, 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00142-x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

An, S.-I. and Kim, J.-W. (2017). Role of nonlinear ocean dynamic response to wind on the asymmetrical transition of El Niño and La Niña. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44(1), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

An, Z., et al. (2015). Global monsoon dynamics and climate change. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 43, 29–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054623.Google Scholar

An, Z., et al. (2021). ENSO Irregularity and Asymmetry. Chapter 7. In McPhaden, M. J., et al. (eds.), El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate. Geophysical Monograph 253. American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 153–172.Google Scholar

Ashok, K., et al. (2007). El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 112, C11007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashok, K. and Yamagata, T. (2009). The El Niño with a difference. Nature, 461, 481–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ball, F. K. (1956).The theory of strong katabatic winds. Aust. J. Phys., 9, 373–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ball, F. K. (1960). Winds on the ice slope of Antarctica. Antarctic Meteorology, Proceedings of the Symposium of Melbourne, Pergamon, pp. 9–16.Google Scholar

Barry, R. G. and Carleton, A. M. (2001). Synoptic and Dynamic Climatology. Routledge, London, UK, 620pp.Google Scholar

Barry, R. G. and Chorley, R. J. (2003). Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, 8th ed. Routledge, London, 421pp.Google Scholar

Behera, S. K. and Yamagata, T. (2001). Subtropical SST dipole events in the southern Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 327–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boers, N., et al. (2014). The South American rainfall dipole: A complex network analysis of extreme events. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41(20), 7397–7405. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H., et al. (1993). Spatial and temporal characteristics of the intense katabatic winds at Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. In Bromwich, D. H. and Stearns, C. R. (eds.), Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology: Studies Based on Automatic Weather Stations, Antarctic Research Series 61, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 47–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H., et al. (2011). Climatological aspects of cyclogenesis near Adélie Land Antarctica. Tellus, 63A, 921–938. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2011.00537.x.Google Scholar

Cai, W., et al. (2011a). Influence of global-scale variability on the Subtropical Ridge over Southeast Australia. J. Clim., 24, 6035–6053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cai, W., et al. (2011b). Teleconnection pathways of ENSO and the IOD and the mechanisms for impacts on Australian rainfall. J. Clim., 24, 3910–3923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Capotondi, A., et al. (2021). ENSO Diversity. Chapter 4. In McPhaden, M. J., et al. (eds.), El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate. Geophysical Monograph 253, American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 65–86.Google Scholar

Carvalho, L. M. V de and Cavalcanti, I. F. A. (2016). The South American Monsoon System (SAMS). Chapter 6. In Carvalho, L. M. V. de and Jones, C. (eds.), The Monsoons and Climate Change. Springer Climate, pp. 121–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21650-8_6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caton-Harrison, T., et al. (2022). Reanalysis representation of low-level winds in the Antarctic near-coastal region. Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 1415–1437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chemke, R. (2021). The future poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere summer mid-latitude storm tracks stems from ocean coupling. Nat. Commun., 13, 1730. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29392-4.Google Scholar

Chiang, J. C. H. (2009). The tropics in paleoclimate. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 37, 263–297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Claud, C., et al. (2009). Southern Hemisphere winter cold-air mesocyclones: Climatic environments and associations with teleconnections. Clim. Dyn., 33, 383–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0468-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clement, A. C., et al. (1999). Orbital controls on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the tropical climate. Paleoceanogr., 14, 441–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clement, A. C., et al. (2000). Suppression of El Niño during the mid-Holocene by changes in the Earth’s orbit. Paleoceanography, 15, 731–737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clement, A. C., et al. (2004). The importance of precessional signals in the tropical climate. Clim. Dyn., 22, 327–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dai, A. and Wigley, T. M. L. (2000). Global patterns of ENSO-induced precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1283–1286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Szoeke, R. A. and Levine, M. D. (1981). The advective flux of heat by mean geostrophic motions in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 28, 1057–1085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deser, C., et al. (2010). Sea surface temperature variability: Patterns and mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120408-151453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Diaz, H. F., et al. (2001). ENSO variability, teleconnections and climate change. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1845–1862. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dommenget, D., et al. (2013). Analysis of the non-linearity in the pattern and time evolution of El Niño southern oscillation. Clim. Dyn., 40, 2825–2847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1475-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dong, X., et al. (2020). Robustness of the recent global atmospheric reanalyses for Antarctic near-surface wind speed climatology. J. Climate, 33, 4027–4043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

England, M. H., et al. (2014). Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus. Nat. Clim. Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fedorov, A. V., et al. (2021). ENSO low-frequency modulation and mean state interactions. Chapter 8. In McPhaden, M. J., et al. (eds.), El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate. Geophysical Monograph 253, American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 173–200.Google Scholar

Fogt, R. L. and Bromwich, D. H. (2006). Decadal variability of the ENSO teleconnection to the high-latitude South Pacific governed by coupling with the southern annular mode. J. Clim., 19(6), 979–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fogt, R. L., et al. (2009). Historical SAM variability. Part II: Twentieth-century variability and trends from reconstructions, observations, and the IPCC AR4 models. J. Clim., 22, 5346–5365. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2786.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fogt, R. L. and Marshall, G. J. (2020). The Southern Annular Mode: Variability, trends, and climate impacts across the Southern Hemisphere. WIREs Clim Change, 11, e652. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Funk, S., et al. (2016). The East African monsoon system: Seasonal climatologies and recent variations. Chapter 8. In Carvalho, L. M. V. de and Jones, C. (eds.), The Monsoons and Climate Change. Springer Climate, Switzerland, pp. 163–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21650-8_2.Google Scholar

Garreaud, R. D. and Wallace, J. M. (1998). Summertime incursions of mid-latitude air into tropical and subtropical South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2713–2733.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garreaud, R. D., et al. (2009). Present-day South American climate. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 281, 180–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geller, M. A., Zhou, T., and Yuan, W. (2016). The QBO, gravity waves forced by tropical convection, and ENSO. J. Geophys. Res: Atmos., 121, 8886–8895. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glickman, T. S. (2000). Glossary of Meteorology, 2nd ed. American. Meteorological Society, Boston, 850pp.Google Scholar

Goodwin, I. D., et al. (2004). Mid latitude winter climate variability in the South Indian and southwest Pacific regions since 1300 AD. Clim. Dyn., 22, 783–794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodwin, I. D., et al. (2014). A reconstruction of extratropical Indo-Pacific sea-level pressure patterns during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Clim. Dyn., 43(5–6), 1197–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1899-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grist, J. P. and Nicholson, S. E. (2001). A study of the dynamic factors influencing the rainfall variability in the West African Sahel. J. Clim., 14, 1337–1359.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grodsky, S. A. and Carton, J. A. (2003). The Intertropical Convergence Zone in the South Atlantic and the Equatorial Cold Tongue. J. Clim., 16, 723–733.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grodsky, S. A., et al. (2003). Near surface westerly wind jet in the Atlantic ITCZ. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(19), 2009. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, A. and Visbeck, M. (2002). Synchronous variability in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean resulting from the annular mode. J. Clim., 15, 3043–3057.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallberg, R. and Gnanadesikan, A. (2006). The role of eddies in determining the structure and response of the wind-driven Southern Hemisphere overturning: Results from the Modeling Eddies in the Southern Ocean (MESO) project. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 2232–2252. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2980.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hastenrath, S. (1991). Climate Dynamics of the Tropics. Kluwer, Amsterdam, 488pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hastenrath, S. and Heller, L. (1977). Dynamics of climatic hazards in Northeast Brazil. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 103, 77–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hazel, J. E. and Stewart, A. L. (2019). Are the near-Antarctic easterly winds weakening in response to enhancement of the Southern Annular Mode? J. Climate, 32, 1895–1918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Held, I. M. and Hou, A. Y. (1980). Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 515–533.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henley, B. J., et al. (2015). A tripole index for the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Clim. Dyn., 45, 3077–3090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2525-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobbs, W. R. and Raphael, M. N. (2010). Characterizing the zonally asymmetric component of the SH circulation. Clim. Dyn., 35, 859–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0663-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hsu, P. C. (2016). Global monsoon in a changing climate. Chapter 2. In Carvalho, L. M. V. de and Jones, C. (eds.), The Monsoons and Climate Change. Springer Climate, Switzerland, pp. 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21650-8_2.Google Scholar

Hurrell, J. W. and van Loon, H. (1994). A modulation of the atmospheric annual cycle in the Southern Hemisphere. Tellus, 46A, 325–338.Google Scholar

Hurrell, J. W., van Loon, H. and Shea, D. J. (1998). The mean state of the troposphere. Chapter 1. In Karoly, D. J. and Vincent, D. G. (eds.) Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 1–46.Google Scholar

Huth, R. and Beranová, R. (2021). How to recognize a true mode of atmospheric circulation variability. Earth Space Sci., 8, e2020EA001275. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA001275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jiang, X., et al. (2020). Fifty years of research on the Madden-Julian Oscillation: Recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 125, e2019JD030911. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, J. M., et al. (2009). Historical SAM Variability. Part I: Century-length seasonal reconstructions. J. Clim., 22, 5319–5345. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2785.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karnauskas, K. B. and Ummenhofer, C. C. (2014). On the dynamics of the Hadley circulation and subtropical drying. Clim. Dyn., 42, 2259–2269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2129-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karoly, D. J. (1998). General circulation. Chapter 2. In Karoly, D. J. and Vincent, D. G. (eds.), Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 47–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiladis, G. N. and Mo, K. C. (1998). Interannual and intraseasonal variability in the Southern Hemisphere. In Karoly, D. J. and Vincent, D. G. (eds), Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. American Meteorological Society, Boston, p. 410.Google Scholar

King, J. C. and Turner, J. (1997). Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 409pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511524967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kug, J. S., et al. (2021). ENSO remote forcing: Influence of climate variability outside the tropical Pacific. Chapter 11. In McPhaden, M. J. et al. (eds.), El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate. Geophysical Monograph 253, American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 249–266.Google Scholar

Langlais, C. E., et al. (2015). Sensitivity of Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport and eddy activity to wind patterns in the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 1051–1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Larkin, N. K. and Harrison, D. E. (2002). ENSO warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) event life cycles: Ocean surface anomaly patterns, their symmetries, asymmetries, and implications. J. Clim., 15, 1118–1140.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levitus, S., et al. (2005). Warming of the world ocean, 1955–2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02604. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lisonbee, J., et al. (2020). Defining the north Australian monsoon onset: A systematic review. Prog. Phys. Geogr., 44, 3, 398–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Loewe, F. (1956). Etudes de glaciologie en Terre Adelie 1951–52, Expeditions Polaires Francaises, 1948- Travaux,; no.9, Actualites scientifiques et industrielles; no.1247. Paris: Hermann, 1956 159p.Google Scholar

Lovenduski, N. S. and Gruber, N. (2005). Impact of the Southern Annular Mode on Southern Ocean circulation and biology. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11603. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Madden, R. A. and Julian, P. R. (1971). Detection of a 40–50 day oscillation in zonal wind in tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Madden, R. A., & Julian, P. R. (1972). Description of global-scale circulation cells in tropics with a 40–50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mantua, N. J., et al. (1997). A Pacific Interdecadal Climate Oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78(6), 1069–1079. http://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:apicow>2.0.co;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, G. J. (2003). Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from observations and reanalyses. J. Clim., 16, 4134–4143.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, G. J. (2009). On the annual and semi-annual cycles of precipitation across Antarctica. Int. J. Climatol., 29, 2298–2308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, J., et al. (2014). The ocean’s role in setting the mean position of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone. Clim. Dyn., 42, 1967–1979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mather, K. B. and Miller, G. S. (1966). Wind drainage off the high plateau of eastern Antarctica. Nature, 209, 281–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mather, K. B. and Miller, G. S. (1967). The problem of the katabatic wind on the coast of Terre Adélie. Polar Rec., 13, 425–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAlpine, J. R., et al. (1983). Climate of Papua New Guinea. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – Australian National University Press, Canberra, 200pp.Google Scholar

McBride, J. (1998). Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Tropical Australia: The Southern Hemisphere Monsoon. Chapter 3. In Karoly, D. J. and Vincent, D. G. (eds.), Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 89–99.Google Scholar

McGregor, G. R. and Nieuwolt, S. (1982). Tropical Climatology, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 339pp.Google Scholar

McGregor, S., et al. (2021). The effect of strong volcanic eruptions on ENSO. Chapter 12. In McPhaden, M. J., et al. (eds.), El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate. Geophysical Monograph 253, American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 267–287, 506pp.Google Scholar

McPhaden, M. J., et al. (eds.). (2021). El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate. Geophysical Monograph 253, American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, New York, 506pp.Google Scholar

Meehl, G. A. (1991). A reexamination of the mechanism of the semi- annual cycle in the Southern Hemisphere. J. Clim., 4, 911–926.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meehl, G. A., et al. (1998). A modulation of the mechanism of the semiannual oscillation in the Southern Hemisphere. Tellus, 50A, 442–450.Google Scholar

Meredith, M. P. and Hogg, A. M. (2006). Circumpolar response of Southern Ocean eddy activity to a change in the Southern Annular Mode. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16608. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miller, A. J., et al. (1994). The 1976–77 climate shift of the Pacific Ocean. Oceanography, 7, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mo, K. and Higgins, R. (1998). The Pacific-South American modes and tropical convection during the southern hemisphere winter. Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 1581–1596.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mo, K. and Paegle, J. (2001). The Pacific-South American modes and their downstream effects. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1211–1229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Molnar, P., et al. (2010). Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia: Thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan Plateau. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 38, 77–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morioka, Y., et al. (2013). How is the Indian Ocean Subtropical Dipole excited? Clim. Dyn., 41, 1955–1968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1584-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neelin, J. D. (2011). Climate Change and Climate Modelling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 282pp.Google Scholar

Newman, M., et al. (2016). The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, revisited. J. Clim., 29(12), 4399–4427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nicholls, N., McBride, J. L. and Ormerod, R. J. (1982). On predicting the onset of the Australian west season at Darwin. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 14–17.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nicholson, S. E. (2016). The Turkana low-level jet: Mean climatology and association with regional aridity. Int. J. Climatol., 36, 2598–2614. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nicholson, S. E. (2017). Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa, Rev. Geophys., 55, 590–635. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nicholson, S. E. (2018). The ITCZ and the seasonal cycle over Equatorial Africa. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0287.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Norris, J. R. (2005). Multidecadal changes in near-global cloud cover and estimated cloud cover radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08206. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005600.Google Scholar

Okumura, Y. M. (2019). ENSO diversity from an atmospheric perspective. Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 5, 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00138-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oliver, J. E. and Hidore, J. J. (2002). Climatology: An Atmospheric Science, 2nd ed. Pearson, New Jersey, 410pp.Google Scholar

Parish, T. R. and Bromwich, D. H. (1987). The surface windfield over the Antarctic ice sheets. Nature, 328, 51–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parish, T. R. and Cassano, J. J. (2003). The role of katabatic winds on the Antarctic surface wind regime. Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 317–333.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parish, T. R. and Bromwich, D. H. (2007). Reexamination of the near-surface airflow over the Antarctic Continent and implications on atmospheric circulations at high southern latitudes. Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 1961–1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pepler, A., et al. (2019). A global climatology of surface anticyclones, their variability, associated drivers and long-term trends. Clim. Dyn., 52, 5397–5412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Philander, S. G. H., et al. (1996). Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator. J. Clim., 9, 2958–2972.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Power, S., et al. (2021). Decadal climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Characteristics, causes, predictability, and prospects. Science, 374, 48, eaay9165. https:doi.org/10.1126/science.aay9165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ramage, C. S. (1971). Monsoon Meteorology. International Geophysical Series, Volume 15, Academic Press, London, 296pp.Google Scholar

Rintoul, S. R. (2018). The global influence of localized dynamics in the Southern Ocean. Nature, 558, 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0182-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Saji, H. H., et al. (1999). A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401, 360–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sallée, J. B., et al. (2008). An estimate of Lagrangian eddy statistics and diffusion in the mixed layer of the Southern Ocean. J. Marine Res., 66, 441–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sallée, J. B., et al. (2010). Zonally asymmetric response of the Southern Ocean mixed-layer depth to the Southern Annular Mode. Nat. Geosci., 3, 273–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmidt, D. F. and Grise, K. M. (2019). Impacts of subtropical highs on summertime precipitation in North America. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 124(11), 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schneider, T. and Sobel, A. H. (2007). The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 400pp.Google Scholar

Schneider, T., et al. (2014). Migrations and dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone. Nature, 513, 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sen Gupta, A. and England, M. H. (2006). Coupled ocean–atmosphere–ice response to variations in the southern annular mode. J. Clim., 19, 4457–4486. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3843.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Senapati, B., et al. (2014). Global wave number-4 pattern in the southern subtropical sea surface temperature. Sci. Rep., 11, 142. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80492-x.Google Scholar

Siedler, G., et al. (2013). Ocean Circulation and Climate: A 21st century Perspective. International Geophysics Series, Volume 103, Academic Press, London, 715pp.Google Scholar

Silva, V. B. S. and Kousky, V. E. (2012). The South American monsoon system: Climatology and variability. Chapter 5. In Wang, S.-Y. (ed), Modern Climatology. InTech, Croatia, pp. 123–152, 398pp.Google Scholar

Simmonds, I. and Jones, D. A. (1998). The mean structure and temporal variability of the semiannual oscillation in the southern extra- tropics. Int. J. Climatol., 18, 473–504.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spensberger, C., et al. (2020). The connection between the Southern Annular Mode and a feature-based perspective on Southern Hemisphere midlatitude winter variability. J. Clim., 33, 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-9224.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stearns, C. R., et al. (1993). Monthly mean climatic data for Antarctic automatic weather stations. In Bromwich, D. H. and Stearns, C. R. (eds.) Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology: Studies based on automatic weather stations, Antarctic Research Series 61, 1–22. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Sturman, A. and Tapper, N. (2006). The Weather and Climate of Australia and New Zealand, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 541pp.Google Scholar

Sun, W., et al. (2022). Pacific multidecadal (50–70 year) variability instigated by volcanic forcing during the Little Ice Age (1250–1850). Clim. Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06127-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Suppiah, R. (1992). The Australian summer monsoon: A review. Prog. Physi. Geogr., 16, 283–318.Google Scholar

Thompson, D. W. J. and Wallace, J. M. (2000). Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability. J. Clim., 13, 1000–1016.Google Scholar

Timmermann, A., et al. (2018). El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity. Nature, 559, 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0252-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Toggweiler, J. R. and Russell, J. (2008). Ocean circulation in a warming climate. Nature, 45. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06590.Google Scholar

Toma, V. E. and Webster, P. J. (2010). Oscillations of the intertropical convergence zone and the genesis of easterly waves. Part I: Diagnostics and theory. Clim. Dyn., 34, 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0584-x.Google Scholar

Trenberth, K. E. (1997). The definition of El Niño. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78(12), 2271–2777.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trenberth, K. E., et al. (2000). The global monsoon as seen through the divergent atmospheric circulation. J. Clim., 13, 3969–3993.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turner, J. and Marshall, G. J. (2011). Climate Change in the Polar Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 434pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tyson, P. D. and Preston-Whyte, R. A. (2000). The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 396pp.Google Scholar

Van den Broeke, M. R. (1998). The semiannual oscillation and Antarctic climate, part 1: Influence on near-surface temperatures (1957–1979). Ant. Sci., 10, 175–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Van den Broeke, M. R. (2000). The semi-annual oscillation and Antarctic climate. Part 3: The role of near-surface wind speed and cloudiness. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 117–130.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Van den Broeke, M. R. and van Lipzig, N. (2003). Factors controlling the near- surface wind field in Antarctica. Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 733–743.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van Loon, H. (1967). The half-yearly oscillations in middle and high Southern latitudes and the coreless winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 472–486.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van Loon, H. (1972). Temperature, pressure and wind in the Southern Hemisphere. In Newton, C. W. (ed), Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere, Vol. 18, No. 35, Meteorological Monographs. American Meteorological Society, Boston, pp. 25–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Van Loon, H. and Jenne, R. L. (1972). The zonal harmonic standing waves in the Southern Hemisphere. J. Geophys. Res., 77, 992–1003.Google Scholar

Van Loon, H. and Rogers, J. S. C. (1984a). The yearly wave in pressure and zonal geostrophic wind at sea level on the Southern Hemisphere and its interannual variability. Tellus, 36A, 348–354.Google Scholar

Van Loon, H. and Rogers, J. S. C. (1984b). Interannual variations in the half- yearly cycle of pressure gradients and zonal wind at sea level on the Southern Hemisphere. Tellus, 36A, 76–86.Google Scholar

Vignon, É., et al. (2020). Gravity wave excitation during the coastal transition of an extreme katabatic flow in Antarctica. J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 1295–1312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Visbeck, M. and Hall, A. (2004). Reply. J. Clim., 17, 2255–2258.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vizy, E. K. and Cook, K. H. (2003). Connections between the summer east African and Indian rainfall regimes. J. Geophys. Res., 108(16), 4510. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003452.Google Scholar

Walland, D. and Simmonds, I. (1999). Baroclinicity meridional temperature gradients and the Southern Semiannual Oscillation. J. Clim. 12, 3376–3382.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wang, C., et al. (2017). El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In Glynn, P. W., et al. (eds.), Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific, Coral Reefs of the World, 8, pp. 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_4.Google Scholar

Wang, F. (2010). Subtropical dipole mode in the Southern Hemisphere: A global view. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Webster, P. J. (1987). The elementary monsoon. In Fein, J. S. and Stephens, P. L. (eds.), Monsoons. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3–32.Google Scholar

Weisse, R. and von Storch, H. (2010). Marine Climate and Climate Change: Storms, Wind Waves and Storm Surges. Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, 419pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wells, N. (1999). The Atmosphere and Ocean: A Physical Introduction, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 394pp.Google Scholar

Wendler, G., et al. (1993). Katabatic winds in Adelie coast. In Bromwich, D. H. and Stearns, C. R. (eds.), Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology: Studies Based on Automatic Weather Stations. Antarctic Research Series 61, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 23–46.Google Scholar

Wheeler, M. C. and McBride, J. L. (2012). Australasian monsoon. In Lau, W. K. M. and Waliser, D. E. (eds.), Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere–Ocean Climate System, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 147–197.Google Scholar

Widlansky, M. J., et al. (2011). On the location and orientation of the South Pacific convergence zone. Clim. Dyn., 36, 561–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0871-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wunsch, C. (1998). Work done by the wind on the oceanic general circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 2332–2340.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Xie, S.-P., et al. (2018). Eastern Pacific ITCZ dipole and ENSO diversity. J. Clim., 31, 4449–4462. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0905.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zebiak, S. E. and Cane, M. A. (1987). A model El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 2262–2278.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zhang, H. and Moise, A. (2016). The Australian Summer Monsoon in current and future climate. Chapter 5. In Carvalho, L. M. V. de and Jones, C. (eds.), The Monsoons and Climate Change. Springer Climate, Switzerland, pp. 67–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21650-8_5.Google Scholar

Arblaster, J. M. and Meehl, G. A. (2006). Contributions of external forcings to the Southern Annular Mode trends. J. Clim., 19, 2896–2905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashcroft, L. C., et al. (2009). Cold events over Southern Australia: Synoptic climatology and hemispheric structure. J. Clim., 22, 6679–6698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashok, K., et al. (2007). El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 112, C11007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashok, K., et al. (2009). ENSO Modoki impact on the Southern Hemisphere storm track activity during extended austral winter. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36(12), L12705. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashok, K. and Yamagata, T. (2009). The El Niño with a difference. Nature, 461, 481–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Austin, J. F. (1980). The blocking of middle latitude westerly winds by planetary waves. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 106, 327–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Babian, S., et al. (2018). A new index for the wintertime southern hemispheric split jet. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6749–6760. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6749-2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baiman, R., et al. (2023). Synoptic drivers of atmospheric river induced precipitation near Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 128, e2022JD037859. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bals-Elsholz, T. M., et al. (2001). The wintertime Southern Hemisphere split jet: Structure, variability, and evolution. J. Clim., 14(21), 4191–4215.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barry, R. G. and Carleton, A. M. (2001). Synoptic and Dynamic Climatology. Routledge, London, UK, 620pp.Google Scholar

Bergeron, T. (1928). Uber die dreidimensional veknupfende Wetteranalyse, Part 1: Prinzipelle Einfuhurung in das Problem der Luftmassen-und Frontenbildung. Geofys. Publ. (Oslo), 5, 1–111.Google Scholar

Berry, G., et al. (2011). A global climatology of atmospheric fronts. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04809. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bjerknes, J. and Solberg, H. (1922). Life cycles of cyclones and the polar front theory of atmospheric circulation. Geofys. Publ., 3, 1–18.Google Scholar

Black, A., et al. (2021). Australian northwest cloudbands and their relationship to atmospheric rivers and precipitation. Mon. Weather Rev., 149, 1125–1139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blamey, R. C., et al. (2018). The influence of atmospheric rivers over the South Atlantic on winter rainfall in South Africa. J. Hydroclimatol., 19, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0111.1.Google Scholar

Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E., et al. (2023). The largest ever recorded heatwave – Characteristics and attribution of the Antarctic heatwave of March 2022. Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL104910. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bozkurt, D., et al. (2018). Foehn event triggered by an atmospheric river underlies record-setting temperature along continental Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 123, 3871–3892. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromwich, D. H. (2013). Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth. Nat. Geosci., 6, 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, J. C., et al. (2009). An investigation of the links between ENSO flavors and rainfall processes in Southeastern Australia. Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3786–3795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Browning, S. A. and Goodwin, I. D. (2013). Large-scale influences on the evolution of winter subtropical maritime cyclones affecting Australia’s east coast. Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 2416–2431. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00312.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carleton, A. M. (1989). Antarctic sea ice relationships with indices of the atmospheric circulation of the southern hemisphere. Clim. Dyn., 2, 207–220.Google Scholar

Catto, J. L., et al. (2019). The future of midlatitude cyclones. Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 5, 407–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00149-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cavicchia, L., et al. (2020). Future changes in the occurrence of hybrid cyclones: The added value of cyclone classification for the east Australian low-pressure systems. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL085751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chand, S. S., et al. (2019). Review of tropical cyclones in the Australian region: Climatology, variability, predictability, and trends. WIREs Clim. Change, 10, e602. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chand, S. S., et al. (2021). Corrigendum. Review of tropical cyclones in the Australian region: Climatology, variability, predictability, and trends. WIREs Clim. Change, 12, e686. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.686.Google Scholar

Chang, E. K. M., et al. (2002). Storm-track dynamics. J. Clim., 15, 2163–2183. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015,02163:STD.2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charabi, Y. and Al-Hatruski, S. (2010). Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change. Springer, Dordrecht, 355pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chemke, R. (2021). The future poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere summer mid-latitude storm tracks stems from ocean coupling. Nat. Commun., 13, 1730. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29392-4.Google Scholar

Chemke, R. and Ming, Y. (2020). Large atmospheric waves will get stronger, while small waves will get weaker by the end of the 21st century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, B., et al. (1996). Evolution of the tropospheric split jet over the South Pacific Ocean during the 1986–89 ENSO cycle, Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 1711–1731.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chiang, J. C. H., et al. (2014). South Pacific Split Jet, ITCZ shifts, and atmospheric North–South linkages during abrupt climate changes of the last glacial period. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 406, 233–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chiang, J. C. H., et al. (2018). Contrasting impacts of the South Pacific Split Jet and the Southern Annular Mode modulation on Southern Ocean circulation and biogeochemistry. Paleoceanogr. Palaeoclimatol., 33(1), 2–20.Google Scholar

Coughlan, M. J. (1983). A comparative climatology of blocking action in the two hemispheres. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 31, 3–13.Google Scholar

Cullen, N. J., et al. (2019). The influence of weather systems in controlling mass balance in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, 4514–4529. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Da Rocha, R. P., et al. (2019). Subtropical cyclones over the oceanic basins: A review. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1436, 138–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

De Kock, W. M., et al. (2021). Large summer rainfall events and their importance in mitigating droughts over the South Western Cape, South Africa. J. Hydrometeorol., 22, 587–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dettinger, M. D. (2020). Effects of atmospheric rivers. Chapter 5. In Ralph, F. M., et al. (eds.), Atmospheric Rivers. Springer, Switzerland, pp. 141–178, 252pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, H. J., et al. (2012). Development of an enhanced tropical cyclone tracks database for the Southwest Pacific from 1840–2010. Int. J. Climatol., 32, 2240–2250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ding, Q., et al. (2011). Winter warming in West Antarctica caused by central tropical Pacific warming. Nat. Geosci., 4, 398–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ding, Q., et al. (2012). Influence of the tropics on the Southern Annular Mode. J. Clim., 25, 6330–6348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dowdy, A. J. (2014). Long-term changes in Australian tropical cyclone numbers. Atmos. Sci. Lett., 15, 292–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dowdy, A. and Kuleshov, Y. (2012). An analysis of tropical cyclone occurrence in the Southern Hemisphere derived from a new satellite-era data set. Int. J. Remote Sens., 33, 7382–7397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dowdy, A. J., et al. (2014). Fewer large waves projected for eastern Australia due to decreasing storminess Nat. Clim. Chang., 4, 283–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dowdy, A. J., et al. (2019). Review of Australian east coast low pressure systems and associated extremes. Clim. Dyn., 53, 4887–4910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04836-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eichler, T. P. and Gottschalck, J. (2013). A comparison of Southern Hemisphere cyclone track climatology and interannual variability in coarse-gridded reanalysis datasets. Adv. Meteorol., 2013, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/891260.Google Scholar

Espinoza, V., et al. (2018). Global analysis of climate change projection effects on atmospheric rivers. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 4299–4308. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GL076968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, J. L. and Braun, A. (2012). A climatology of subtropical cyclones in the South Atlantic. J. Clim., 25, 7328–7340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fauchereau, N., et al. (2003). Sea-surface temperature co-variability in the Southern Atlantic and Indian oceans and its connections with the atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. Int. J. Climatol., 23, 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Favre, A., et al. (2012). Relationships between cut-off lows and the semiannual and southern oscillations. Clim. Dyn., 38, 1473–1487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1030-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Favre, A., et al. (2013). Cut-off Lows in the South Africa region and their contribution to precipitation. Clim. Dyn., 41, 2331–2351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1579-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fleming, Z. L., et al. (2012). Review: Untangling the influence of air-mass history in interpreting observed atmospheric composition. Atmos. Res., 104–105, 1–39.Google Scholar

Forgarasi, S. and Strome, M. (1978). Computer Program for Calculating Atmospheric Planetary Waves. Inland Waters Directorate, Environmental Canada, Canada, 8pp.Google Scholar

Fredericksen, J. S. (1982). A unified three-dimensional instability theory of the onset of blocking and cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sc., 39, 969–987.Google Scholar

Fuenzalida, H. A., et al. (2005). Climatology of cut-off lows in the Southern Hemisphere. J. Geophys. Res., 110, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005934.Google Scholar

Fyfe, J. C. (2003). Extratropical Southern Hemisphere cyclones: Harbingers of climate change? J. Clim., 16, 2802–2805.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garreaud, R. D. (1999). Cold air incursions over Subtropical and Tropical South America: A numerical case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2823–2853.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garreaud, R. D. (2000). Cold air incursions over subtropical South America: Mean structure and dynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2544–2559.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garreaud, R. D. (2001). Subtropical cold surges: Regional aspects and global distribution. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1181–1197. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garreaud, R. D., et al. (2009). Present-day South American climate. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 281, 180–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gehring, J., et al. (2022). Orographic flow influence on precipitation during an atmospheric river event at Davis, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 127, e2021JD035210. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gimeno, L., et al. (2014). Atmospheric rivers: A mini-review. Front. Earth Sci., 2(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gimeno, L., et al. (2016). Major mechanisms of atmospheric moisture transport and their role in extreme precipitation events. Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour., 41, 117–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goebbert, K. H. and Leslie, L. M. (2010). Interannual variability of northwest Australian tropical cyclones. J. Clim., 23, 4538–4555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodwin, I. D. (1990). Snow accumulation and surface topography in the katabatic zone of eastern Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Ant. Sci., 2(3), 235–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodwin, I. D., et al. (2014). A reconstruction of extratropical Indo-Pacific sea-level pressure patterns during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Clim. Dyn., 43(5–6), 1197–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1899-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodwin, I. D., et al. (2016). Tropical and extratropical-origin storm wave types and their influence on the East Australian longshore sand transport system under a changing climate. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 4833–4853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gorodetskaya, I. V., et al. (2014). The role of atmospheric rivers in anomalous snow accumulation in East Antarctic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6199–6206. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gorodetskaya, I. V., et al. (2023). Record-high Antarctic Peninsula temperatures and surface melt in February 2022: A compound event with an intense atmospheric river. npj Climate Atmos. Sc., 6(202), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00529-6.Google Scholar

Gozzo, L. F., et al. (2014). Subtropical cyclones over the southwestern South Atlantic: Climatological aspects and case study. J. Clim., 27, 8543–8562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gramcianinov, C. B., et al. (2019). The properties and genesis environments of South Atlantic cyclones. Clim. Dyn., 53, 4115–4140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Griffiths, M., et al. (1998). Observations of a cut-off low over southern Australia. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1109–1132.Google Scholar

Guishard, M. P., et al. (2009). Atlantic subtropical storms. Part II: Climatology. J. Clim., 22, 3574–3594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harangozo, S. A. and Harrison, M. S. J. (1983). On the use of synoptic data in indicating the presence of cloud bands over southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci., 79(10), 413–414.Google Scholar

Harrison, M. S. J. (1984). A generalized classification of South African rain-bearing synoptic systems. J. Climatol., 4, 547–560, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370040510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hart, N. C. G., et al. (2010). Tropical–extratropical interactions over southern Africa: Three cases of heavy summer season rainfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2608–2623. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3070.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hart, N. C. G., et al. (2013). Cloud bands over southern Africa: Seasonality, contribution to rainfall variability and modulation by the MJO. Clim. Dyn., 41, 1199–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1589-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hart, R. E. (2003). A cyclone phase space derived from thermal wind and thermal asymmetry. Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 585–616.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobbs, W. R. and Raphael, M. N. (2007). A representative time-series for the Southern Hemisphere zonal wave 1. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05702. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobbs, W. R. and Raphael, M. N. (2010). Characterizing the zonally asymmetric component of the SH circulation. Clim. Dyn., 35, 859–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0663-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hodges, K. I., et al. (2011). A comparison of extratropical cyclones in recent reanalyses ERA-Interim, NASA MERRA, NCEP CFSR, and JRA-25. J. Clim., 24, 4888–4906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holland, G. J. (1993). 1993: Ready reckoner. Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting WMO/TD-560, G. J. Holland, Ed., World Meteorological Organization, 9.1–9.26.Google Scholar

Holland, G., et al. (2018). Tropical cyclones and the global energy budget: Their role and implications. Abstract Southern Hemisphere Meteorological Conference, 2018.Google Scholar

Hopkins, L. C. and Holland, G. J. (1997). Australian heavy-rain days and associated east coast cyclones: 1958–92. J. Clim., 10, 621–634.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoskins, B. J. and Hodges, K. I. (2005). A new perspective on Southern Hemisphere storm tracks. J. Clim., 18, 4108–4129. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3570.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howard, E. R., et al. (2019). Tropical lows in southern Africa: Tracks, rainfall contributions and the role of ENSO. J. Geophys Res. Atmos., 124(21), 11009–11032. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inatsu, M. and Hoskins, B. J. (2006). The zonal asymmetry of the Southern Hemisphere winter storm track. J. Clim., 17, 4882–4892.Google Scholar

Irving, D., et al. (2010). Mesoscale cyclone activity over the ice-free Southern Ocean: 1999–2008. J. Clim., 23, 5404–5420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Irving, D. and Simmonds, I. (2015). A novel approach to diagnosing Southern Hemisphere planetary wave activity and its influence on regional climate variability. J. Clim., 28(23), 9041–9057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

James, P. E. (1939). Air masses and fronts in South America. Geogr. Rev., 29(1) (Jan., 1939), 132–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, D. A. and Simmonds, I. (1993). A climatology of Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones. Clim. Dyn., 9, 131–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karoly, D. J. (1989). Southern Hemisphere circulation features associated with El Niño -Southern Oscillation events. J. Clim., 2, 1239–1252.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karoly, D. J. (1990). The role of transient eddies in low frequency zonal variations of the Southern Hemisphere circulation. Tellus, 42A, 41–50.Google Scholar

Kidson, J. W. and Sinclair, M. R. (1995). The influence of persistent anomalies on Southern Hemisphere storm tracks. J. Climate, 8, 1938–1950.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiem, A. S., et al. (2016). Links between East Coast Lows and the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall along the eastern seaboard of Australia. J. South. Hemisph. Earth. Syst. Sci., 66(2), 162–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiladis, G. N. and Diaz, H. F. (1989). Global climate anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern Oscillation. J. Clim., 2, 1069–1090.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiladis, G. N. and Mo, K. C. (1998). Interannual and intraseasonal variability in the Southern Hemisphere. In Karoly, D. J. and Vincent, D. G. (eds.), Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 410pp.Google Scholar

Kingston, D. G., et al. (2016). Floods in the Southern Alps of New Zealand: The importance of atmospheric rivers. Hydrol. Processes, 30, 5063–5070. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klotzbach, P. J. and Landsea, C. W. (2015). Extremely intense hurricanes: Revisiting Webster et al. (2005) after 10 years. J. Clim., 28, 7621–7629. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0188.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knapp, K. R., et al. (2010). The international best track archive for climate stewardship (IBTrACS). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 363–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knutson, T. R., et al. (2010). Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat. Geosci., 3, 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Köppen, W. (1931). Grundriss der Klimakunde. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Köppen, W. (1936). Das geographische System der Klimate. In Köppen, W. and Geiger, R. (eds.), Handbuch der Klimatologie. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, pp. 1−44.Google Scholar

Lamy, F., et al. (2010). Holocene changes in the position and intensity of the southern westerly wind belt. Nat. Geosc., 3, 695–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lamy, F., et al. (2019). Precession modulation of the South Pacific westerly wind belt over the past million years. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116(47), 23455–23460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905847116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Langhamer, L., et al. (2018). Lagrangian detection of moisture sources for the Southern Patagonia Icefield (1979–2017). Front. Earth Sci., 6, 219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Limpasuvan, V. and Hartmann, D. L. (1999). Eddies and the annular modes of climate variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3133–3136. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl010478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lin, I.-I., et al. (2021). ENSO and tropical cyclones. Chapter 17. In McPhaden, M. J., Santoso, A. and Cai, W. (eds.), El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate. Geophysical Monograph 253. American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 377–408, 506pp.Google Scholar

Lin, Z. (2019). The South Atlantic-South Indian ocean pattern: A zonally oriented teleconnection along the Southern Hemisphere westerly jet in austral summer. Atmosphere, 10, 259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Little, K., et al. (2019). The role of atmospheric rivers for extreme ablation and snowfall events in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2761–2771. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lupo, A. R., et al. (2019). Changes in global blocking character in recent decades. Atmosphere, 10, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10020092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maclennan, M. L., et al. (2022). Contribution of atmospheric rivers to Antarctic precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL100585. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Macron, C., et al. (2014). How do tropical temperature troughs form and develop over southern Africa? J. Clim., 27, 1633–1647. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00175.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Manhique, A. J., et al. (2015). Extreme rainfall and floods in southern Africa in January 2013 and associated circulation patterns. Nat. Hazards, 77, 679–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1616-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mansfield, A. W. and Glassey, S. D. (1957). Notes on weather analysis in the Falkland Islands Dependencies, Antarctica. Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Science Reports, No. 16. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar

McAlpine, J. R., et al. (1983). Climate of Papua New Guinea. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – Australian National University Press, Canberra, 200pp.Google Scholar

McGregor, G. R. and Nieuwolt, S. (1998). Tropical Climatology, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 339pp.Google Scholar

Mendes, D., et al. (2010). Climatology of extratropical cyclones over the South American–southern oceans sector. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 100, 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0161-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mo, K. C., et al. (1987). A GCM Study on the maintenance of the June 1982 blocking in the Southern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1123–1142. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1123:AGSOTM>2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Munoz, C., et al. (2020). A midlatitude climatology and interannual variability of 200- and 500-hPa Cut-Off Lows. J. Clim., 33, 2201–2222. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0497.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murray, R. J. and Simmonds, I. (1991a). A numerical scheme for tracking cyclone centres from digital data. Part I: Development and operation of the scheme. Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 39, 155–166.Google Scholar

Murray, R. J. and Simmonds, I. (1991b). A numerical scheme for tracking cyclone centres from digital data. Part II: Application to January and July general circulation model simulations. Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 39, 167–180.Google Scholar

Neu, U., et al. (2013). IMILAST: A community effort to intercompare extratropical cyclone detection and tracking algorithms. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 529–547. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00154.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newell, R. E., et al. (1992). Tropospheric rivers? – A pilot study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 2401–2404.Google Scholar

Nicholson, S. E., et al. (2018). Rainfall over the African continent from the 19th through the 21st century. Glob. Planet. Change, 165, 114–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oliveira, F. N. M., et al. (2014). A new climatology for Southern Hemisphere blockings in the winter and the combined effect of ENSO and SAM phases. Int. J. Climatol., 34, 1676–1692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oliver, J. E. (1970). A genetic approach to climate classification, Assoc. Am. Geogr. Ann., 60, 615–637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Otkin, J. A. and Martin, J. E. (2004). A synoptic climatology of the subtropical Kona storm. Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 1502–1517.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Papritz, L., et al. (2015). A climatology of cold air outbreaks and their impact on air–sea heat fluxes in the high-latitude South Pacific. J. Clim., 28, 342–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pepler, A. S., et al. (2016). The influence of local sea surface temperatures on Australian east coast cyclones. J. Geophys. Res., 121(22), 13352–13363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pepler, A., et al. (2019). A global climatology of surface anticyclones, their variability, associated drivers and long- term trends. Clim. Dyn., 52(9–10), 5397–5412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4451-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pepler, A. and Dowdy, A. (2021). Fewer deep cyclones projected for the midlatitudes in a warming climate, but with more intense rainfall. Environ. Res. Lett., 16(5), 54044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abf528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Petoukhov, V., et al. (2013). Quasiresonant amplification of planetary waves and recent Northern Hemisphere weather extremes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 5336–5341. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222000110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pezza, A. B. and Ambrizzi, T. (2005). Dynamical conditions and synoptic tracks associated with different types of cold surge over tropical South America. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 215–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pezza, A. B. and Simmonds, I. (2005). The first South Atlantic hurricane: Unprecedented blocking, low shear and climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(15), L15712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pezza, A. B., et al. (2007). Southern Hemisphere cyclones and anticyclones: Recent trends and links with decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean. Int. J. Climatol., 27, 1403–1419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pillay, M. T. and Fitchett, J. M. (2019). Tropical cyclone landfalls south of the Tropic of Capricorn, southwest Indian Ocean. Clim. Res., 79(1), 23–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pillay, M. T. and Fitchett, J. M. (2020). Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclones: A critical analysis of regional characteristics. Int. J. Climatol., 41(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6613.Google Scholar

Pillay, M. T. and Fitchett, J. M. (2021). On the conditions of formation of Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclones. Weather Clim. Extremes, 34, 100376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100376.Google Scholar

Pinheiro, H. R., et al. (2017). A new perspective of the climatological features of upper-level cut-off lows in the Southern Hemisphere. Clim. Dyn., 48, 541–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3093-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pinheiro, M. C., et al. (2019). Atmospheric blocking and intercomparison of objective detection methods: Flow field characteristics. Clim. Dyn., 53, 4189–4216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04782-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pittock, A. B. (1980). Patterns of climatic variation in Argentina and Chile – I. Precipitation, 1931–1960. Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 1347–1361.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pook, M., and Gibson, T. (1999). Atmospheric blocking and storm tracks during SOP-1 of the FROST project. Aust. Met. Mag., 48, 51–60.Google Scholar

Pook, M. J., et al. (2006). The synoptic decomposition of cool-season rainfall in the southeastern Australian cropping region. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 45, 1156–1170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pook, M. J. (2009). The autumn break for cropping in south-east Australia: Trends, synoptic influences and impacts on wheat yield. Int. J. Climatol., 29, 2012–2026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pook, M. J., et al. (2012). The synoptic climatology of cool-season rainfall in the Central Wheatbelt of Western Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 28–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pook, M. J., et al. (2013). The seasonal cycle of blocking and associated physical mechanisms in the Australian region and relationship with rainfall. Mon. Weather Rev., 141(12), 4534–4553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pook, M. J., et al. (2014). A comparative synoptic climatology of cool-season rainfall in major grain-growing regions of southern Australia. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 117(3–4), 521–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Previdi, M. and Polvani, L. M. (2014). Climate system response to stratospheric ozone depletion and recovery. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 140(685), 2401–2419. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prince, H. D., et al. (2021). A climatology of atmospheric rivers in New Zealand. J. Clim., 34, 4383–4402. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0664.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Qi, L., et al. (1999). Cut-off low pressure systems over southern Australia: Climatology and case study. Int. J. Climatol., 19, 1633–1649.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ralph, F. M., et al. (2004). Satellite and CALJET aircraft observations of atmospheric rivers over the eastern North-Pacific Ocean during the El Niño winter of 1997/98. Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 1721–1745.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar