Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7f64f4797f-d87pz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-11-07T14:47:58.167Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2025

Theresa Squatrito
Affiliation:
London School of Economics and Political Science
Get access

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Judging under Constraint
The Politics of Deference by International Courts
, pp. 316 - 347
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abebe, Adem Kassie. “Taming Regressive Constitutional Amendments: The African Court as a Continental (Super) Constitutional Court.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 17, no. 1 (2019): 89117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ACE Project. “Comparative Data: Independent Candidates.” Accessed June 25, 2024. http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDMap?question=PC008&f=e.Google Scholar
ACmHPR. Rules of Procedure of the ACmHPR. Banjul: ACmHPR, 2020. https://achpr.au.int/sites/default/files/files/2021-04/rulesofprocedure2020eng1.pdf.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. 2010 Activity Report of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Addis Ababa: ACtHPR, 2011. www.african-court.org/wpafc/activity-report/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. 2016–2020 Strategic and Implementation Plan. Arusha: ACtHPR, 2016.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. 2021–2025 Strategic Plan: Deepening Trust in the African Court by Enhancing Its Efficiency and Effectiveness. Arusha: ACtHPR, 2021. www.african-court.org/wpafc/african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights-strategic-plan-2021-2025/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. Activities Report for the Court for 2007. Addis Ababa: ACtHPR, 2008. www.african-court.org/wpafc/activity-report/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. Activity Report of the African Court for the Year 2013. Addis Ababa: ACtHPR, 2014. www.african-court.org/wpafc/activity-report/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. Activity Report of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: 1 January – 31 December 2020. Addis Ababa: ACtHPR, 2021. www.african-court.org/wpafc/activity-report/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. “AFCHPR Cases: Statistics.” Accessed June 25, 2024. www.african-court.org/cpmt/statistic.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. “African Court Successfully Concludes Three Day Sensitization Mission to Cape Verde.” Press release. December 18, 2017. www.african-court.org/wpafc/african-court-successfully-concludes-three-day-sensitisation-mission-to-cape-verde/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. “Declarations.” Accessed July 10, 2024. www.african-court.org/wpafc/declarations/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. Report of the 2012 Activities of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Addis Ababa: ACtHPR, 2013. www.african-court.org/wpafc/activity-report/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. Report of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights to the Budget for Year 2009. Addis Ababa: ACtHPR, 2009. www.african-court.org/wpafc/activity-report/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. Report of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: 2011. Addis Ababa: ACtHPR, 2012. www.african-court.org/wpafc/activity-report/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. “Speeches.” Accessed August 30, 2024. www.african-court.org/wpafc/category/speeches/.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. “Statute on the Establishment of Legal Aid Fund.” Accessed August 20, 2024. www.african-court.org/wpafc/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/22-STATUTE-ON-THE-ESTABLISHMENT-OF-LEGAL-AID-FUND.pdf.Google Scholar
ACtHPR. Strategic Plan 2011–2014. Arusha: ACtHPR, 2011.Google Scholar
Adan, Jibril. “EALA Nominees Contest Ruling.” The East African Standard, December 12, 2006.Google Scholar
Adjei, William Edward. “Re-Assessment of ‘Claw-Back’ Clauses in the Enforcement of Human and Peoples’ Rights in Africa.” Journal of Legal Studies 24, no. 38 (2019): 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adjolohoun, Sègnonna Horace. “A Crisis of Design and Judicial Practice? Curbing State Disengagement from the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights.” African Human Rights Law Journal 20, no. 1 (2020): 140.Google Scholar
African Court Coalition. “Background & Structure.” Accessed June 25, 2024. www.africancourtcoalition.org/background-structure/.Google Scholar
Akinkugbe, Olabisi D.Houngue Éric Noudehouenou v. Republic of Benin.” American Journal of International Law 115, no. 2 (2021): 281–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akuffo, Sophia. “Report of the ACtHPR on the Relevant Aspects Regarding the Judiciary in the Protection of Human Rights in Africa.” Speech at the First Summit of Constitutional, Regional and Supreme Court Justices. Mexico City. November 8–9, 2012.Google Scholar
Al Hassan, Abdullah, Burfisher, Mary, Chow, Julian, Ding, Ding, Di Vittorio, Fabia, Kovtun, Dmitriy, McIntyre, Arnold, et al. “Is the Whole Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts? Strengthening Caribbean Regional Integration.” In IMF Working Paper 20/8, 2020.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J.Agents or Trustees? International Courts in Their Political Context.” European Journal of International Relations 14, no. 1 (2008): 3363.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J.. Establishing the Supremacy of European Law: The Making of an International Rule of Law in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J.. “The Global Spread of European Style International Courts.” West European Politics 35, no. 1 (2012): 135–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alter, Karen J.. “The Multiple Roles of International Courts and Tribunals: Enforcement, Dispute Settlement, Constitutional and Administrative Review.” In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations, edited by Dunoff, Jeffrey and Pollack, Mark, 345–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J.. The New Terrain of International Law: Courts, Politics, Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J., Gathii, James T., and Helfer, Laurence R.. “Backlash Against International Courts in West, East and Southern Africa: Causes and Consequences.” European Journal of International Law 27, no. 2 (2016): 293328.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J., and Helfer, Laurence. “Nature or Nurture? Judicial Lawmaking in the European Court of Justice and the Andean Tribunal of Justice.” International Organization 64, no. 4 (2010): 563–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, José. “What Are International Judges For? The Main Functions of International Adjudication.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, edited by Romano, Cesare, Alter, Karen and Shany, Yuval, 159–78. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Anderson, Winston. “Free Movement Within CARICOM: Deconstructing the Myrie vs Barbados.” Speech at OECS Bar Association Meeting. St George’s, Grenada. December 7, 2013.Google Scholar
Anghie, Antony. Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Anghie, Antony. “Rethinking International Law: A TWAIL Retrospective.” European Journal of International Law 34, no. 1 (2023): 7112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoine, Rose-Marie B. Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge-Cavendish, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoine, Rose-Marie B.. “Waiting to Exhale: Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems.” Nova Law Review 29, no. 2 (2005): 142.Google Scholar
Arnardóttir, Oddný Mjöll. “The ‘Procedural Turn’ Under the European Convention on Human Rights and Presumptions of Convention Compliance.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 15, no. 1 (2017): 935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arusha Times. “Wagging Tongues Over EALA Ruling ‘Is Contempt of Court’.” December 11, 2006. [Freedom House access date: We can put August 25, 2024.]Google Scholar
Axelrod, Robert, and Keohane, Robert O.. “Achieving Cooperation Under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions.” World Politics 38, no. 1 (1985): 226–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baetens, Freya, ed. Legitimacy of Unseen Actors in International Adjudication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Bahri, Amrita. “Appellate Body Held Hostage: Is Judicial Activism at Fair Trial?Journal of World Trade 53, no. 2 (2019): 293315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailliet, Cecilia. “Measuring Compliance with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: The Ongoing Challenge of Judicial Independence in Latin America.” Nordic Journal of Human Rights 31, no. 4 (2013): 477–95.Google Scholar
Baricako, Germain. “The African Charter and African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.” In The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: The System in Practice 1986–2006, edited by Evans, Malcolm and Murray, Rachel, 119. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael N., and Finnemore, Martha. Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Beach, Derek, and Pedersen, Rasmus Brun. Causal Case Study Methods: Foundations and Guidelines for Comparing, Matching, and Tracing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behn, Daniel, Berge, Tarald Laudal, and Langford, Malcolm. “Poor States or Poor Governance? Explaining Outcomes in Investment Treaty Arbitration.” Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 38, no. 3 (2018): 333–89.Google Scholar
Bekker, Gina. “The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: Safeguarding the Interests of African States.” Journal of African Law 51, no. 1 (2007): 151–72.Google Scholar
Benvenisti, Eyal, and Downs, George W.. “Prospects for the Increased Independence of International Tribunals.” German Law Journal 12, no. 5 (2011): 1057–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, David S. Caribbean Integration Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, David S.. “The Effect of the Original Jurisdiction of the Caribbean Court of Justice on Regional Integration and National Law.” In The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Constitutions, edited by Albert, Richard, O’Brien, Derek and Wheatle, Se-shauna, 529–54. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Berry, David S.. “The Original Jurisdiction Jurisprudence of the Caribbean Court of Justice: Promoting Regional Integration.” Social and Economic Studies 61, no. 2 (2012): 2749.Google Scholar
Birdsong, Leonard. “The Formation of the Caribbean Court of Justice: The Sunset of British Colonial Rule in the English Speaking Caribbean.” University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 36, no. 2/3 (2005): 197227.Google Scholar
Blatter, Joachim, and Haverland, Markus. Designing Case Studies Explanatory Approaches in Small-N Research. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Google Scholar
Blauberger, Michael, Heindlmaier, Anita, Kramer, Dion, Martinsen, Dorte Sindbjerg, Thierry, Jessica Sampson, Schenk, Angelika, and Werner, Benjamin. “ECJ Judges Read the Morning Papers. Explaining the Turnaround of European Citizenship Jurisprudence.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, no. 10 (2018): 1422–41.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. “The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field.” Hastings Law Journal 38, no. 5 (1987): 805–13.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and Gyimah-Boadi, E.. “Do Trustworthy Institutions Matter for Development? Corruption, Trust, and Government Performance in Africa.” Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 112 (2016): 1–17. Accessed August 30, 2024. www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno112_trustworthy_institutions_and_development_in_africa.pdf.Google Scholar
Brems, Eva, and Lavrysen, Laurens. “Procedural Justice in Human Rights Adjudication: The European Court of Human Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 35, no. 1 (2013): 177200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinks, Daniel. “Judicial Reform and Independence in Brazil and Argentina: The Beginning of a New Millennium?Texas International Law Journal 40, no. 3 (2005): 595622.Google Scholar
Brown, Chester. A Common Law of International Adjudication. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen, and Keohane, Robert. “The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions.” Ethics and International Affairs 20, no. 4 (2006): 405–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burihabwa, Ntagahoraho Z., and Curtis, Devon E. A.. “Postwar Statebuilding in Burundi: Ruling Party Elites and Illiberal Peace.” International Affairs 97, no. 4 (2021): 1221–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burley, Anne-Marie, and Mattli, Walter. “Europe Before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration.” International Organization 47, no. 1 (1993): 4176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Business Ghana. “African Court Rejuvenated for the Next 10 Years.” November 23, 2016. www.businessghana.com/site/news/business/138199/African-Court-rejuvenated-for-the-next-10-yrs.Google Scholar
Byron, Dennis. “Keynote Speech.” Speech at CCJ International Law Moot 2018 Award Ceremony. Port of Spain. March 9, 2018.Google Scholar
Cabatingan, Lee. “Time and Transcendence: Narrating Higher Authority at the Caribbean Court of Justice.” Law & Society Review 50, no. 3 (2016): 674702.Google Scholar
Cali, Başak, Koch, Anne, and Bruch, Nicola. “The Legitimacy of Human Rights Courts: A Grounded Interpretivist Analysis of the European Court of Human Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 35, no. 4 (2013): 955–84.Google Scholar
CARICOM. Report on the Appraisal of the State of the Caricom Single Market. Georgetown: CARICOM Secretariat, 2009.Google Scholar
CARICOM. Revised Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice Trust Fund. 2004. Accessed June 25, 2024. https://ccj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ccj_rev_trustfund.pdf.Google Scholar
Carrubba, Clifford. “A Model of the Endogenous Development of Judicial Institutions in Federal and International Systems.” Journal of Politics 71, no. 1 (2009): 5569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrubba, Clifford J., Gabel, Matthew, and Hankla, Charles. “Judicial Behavior Under Political Constraints: Evidence from the European Court of Justice.” American Political Science Review 102, no. 4 (2008): 435–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrubba, Clifford J., and Gabel, Matthew J.. International Courts and the Performance of International Agreements: A General Theory with Evidence from the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartier, Stéphanie, and Hoss, Cristina. “The Role of Registries and Legal Secretariats in International Judicial Institutions.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, edited by Romano, Cesare, Alter, Karen J. and Shany, Yuval, 712–33. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Caserta, Salvatore. International Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean: Foundations and Authority. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caserta, Salvatore, and Madsen, Mikael Rask. “Between Community Law and Common Law: The Rise of the Caribbean Court of Justice at the Intersection of Regional Integration and Post-Colonial Legacies.” Law and Contemporary Problems 79, no. 1 (2016): 88115.Google Scholar
Caserta, Salvatore, and Madsen, Mikael Rask. “Tomlinson v. Belize; Tomlinson v. Trinidad and Tobago.” American Journal of International Law 110, no. 3 (2016): 533–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castanha, Tony. The Myth of Indigenous Caribbean Extinction: Continuity and Reclamation in Borikén (Puerto Rico). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.Google Scholar
CCJ. “Annual CCJ International Law Moot.” Accessed June 25, 2024. https://ccj.org/about-the-ccj/annual-ccj-international-law-moot/.Google Scholar
CCJ. Annual Report 2005–2006. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2006. Accessed June 25, 2024. https://ccj.org/publications/annual-reports/.Google Scholar
CCJ. Annual Report 2006–2007. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2007.Google Scholar
CCJ. Annual Report 2007–2008. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2008.Google Scholar
CCJ. Annual Report 2009–2010. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2010.Google Scholar
CCJ. Annual Report 2011–2013. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2014.Google Scholar
CCJ. Annual Report 2015–2016. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2016.Google Scholar
CCJ. Annual Report 2017–2018. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2018.Google Scholar
CCJ. Annual Report 2018–2019. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2019.Google Scholar
CCJ. “Annual Reports.” Accessed June 25, 2024. https://ccj.org/publications/annual-reports/.Google Scholar
CCJ. Original Jurisdiction Rules. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2006.Google Scholar
CCJ. “Papers and Speeches.” Accessed June 25, 2024. https://ccj.org/papers-main/.Google Scholar
CCJ. Strategic Plan 2013–2017: Responsive, Innovative, Inspirational. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2024. https://ccj.org/about-the-ccj/the-ccj-strategic-plan-2013-2017/.Google Scholar
CCJ. Strategic Plan 2019–2024: Unlocking Potential, Strengthening Caribbean Justice. Port of Spain: CCJ, 2019. Accessed June 25, 2024. https://ccj.org/about-the-ccj/ccj-strategic-plan/.Google Scholar
CCJ. “Understanding the Referral Process.” Accessed June 25, 2024. https://ccj.org/resources/understanding-the-referral-process/?highlight=preliminary.Google Scholar
CCJ Academy for Law. “About Us.” Accessed August 26, 2024. https://ccjacademy.org/about-us/.Google Scholar
Chapman, Terrence L.Audience Beliefs and International Organization Legitimacy.” International Organization 63, no. 4 (2009): 733–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaudoin, Stephen. “How Contestation Moderates the Effects of International Institutions: The International Criminal Court and Kenya.” Journal of Politics 78, no. 2 (2016): 557–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chavez, Rebecca Bill. The Rule of Law in Nascent Democracies: Judicial Politics in Argentina. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Checkel, Jeffrey T.Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change.” International Organization 55, no. 3 (2001): 553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chenwi, Lilian. “The Advisory Proceedings of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights.” Nordic Journal of Human Rights 38, no. 1 (2020): 6177.Google Scholar
Chenwi, Lilian. “Exhaustion of Local Remedies Rule in the Jurisprudence of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 41, no. 2 (2019): 374–98.Google Scholar
Cheyne, Ilona. “Deference and the Use of the Public Policy Exception in International Courts and Tribunals.” In Deference in International Courts and Tribunals: Standard of Review and Margin of Appreciation, edited by Gruszczynski, Lukasz and Werner, Wouter, 3857. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHOG. “Communiqué of the Eighth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, June 29 – July 3, 1987, Castries, Saint Lucia.” CARICOM, July 4, 1987. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://caricom.org/communique-of-the-eighth-meeting-of-the-conference-of-heads-of-government-of-the-caribbean-community-29-june-3-july-1987-castries-saint-lucia/.Google Scholar
CHOG. “Communiqué Issued at the Conclusion of the Nineteenth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, June 30 – July 4, 1998, Castries, Saint Lucia.” CARICOM, July 5, 1998. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://caricom.org/communique-issued-at-the-conclusion-of-the-the-nineteenth-meeting-of-the-conference-of-heads-of-government-of-the-caribbean-community-30-june-4-july-1998-castries-saint-lucia/.Google Scholar
CHOG. “Communiqué Issued at the Conclusion of the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, July 3 –7, 1989, Grande Anse, Grenada.” CARICOM, July 8, 1989. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://caricom.org/communique-issued-at-the-conclusion-of-the-tenth-meeting-of-the-conference-of-heads-of-government-of-the-caribbean-community-3-7-july-1989-grand-anse-grenada/.Google Scholar
CHOG. “Expansion of Categories of Skilled Community Nationals. Ins/Hgc/2019/30/Dec.5(C).” In Thirteen Inter-Sessional Meeting. Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis: CARICOM, February 26–27, 2019. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://caricom.org/wp-content/uploads/DECISIONS-30-IS-HGC-FEB-2019.pdf.Google Scholar
CHOG. “Grand Anse Declaration and Work Programme for the Advancement of the Integration Movement, July 7, 1989, Grande Anse, Grenada.” CARICOM, July 31, 1989. Accessed June 25, 2024. https://caricom.org/grand-anse-declaration-and-work-programme-for-the-advancement-of-the-integration-movement-july-1989-grand-anse-grenada/.Google Scholar
Cichowski, Rachel A. The European Court and Civil Society: Litigation, Mobilization and Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service. The World Trade Organization’s Appellate Body: Key Disputes and Controversies, R46852. 2021. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://crsreports.congress.gov/.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Gerring, John, Knutsen, Carl Henrik, Lindberg, Staffan I., Teorell, Jan, Alizada, Nazifa, Altman, Nazifa, et al. “V-Dem [Country-Year] Dataset V12.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project, 2022. Accessed August 25, 2024. www.v-dem.net/data/dataset-archive/.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Gerring, John, Knutsen, Carl Henrik, Lindberg, Staffan I., Teorell, Jan, Altman, David, Bernhard, Michael, et al. “V-Dem Codebook V12.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project, 2022. Accessed August 25, 2024. www.v-dem.net/static/website/img/refs/codebookv12.pdf.Google Scholar
Corley, Pamela C., and Wedeking, Justin. “The (Dis)Advantage of Certainty: The Importance of Certainty in Language.” Law & Society Review 48, no. 1 (2014): 3562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Couso, Javier, Huneeus, Alexandra, and Sieder, Rachel, eds. Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, Xinyuan. “Why Comply? The Domestic Constituency Mechanisms.” International Organization 59, no. 2 (2005): 363–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, Tom Gerald, and Wiebusch, Micha. “The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: Mapping Resistance Against a Young Court.” International Journal of Law in Context 14, no. 2 (2018): 294313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dancy, Geoff, Dutton, Yvonne Marie, Alleblas, Tessa, and Aloyo, Eamon. “What Determines Perceptions of Bias Toward the International Criminal Court? Evidence from Kenya.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 7–8 (2019): 1443–69.Google Scholar
Davies, Gareth. “Activism Relocated: The Self-Restraint of the European Court of Justice in Its National Context.” Journal of European Public Policy 19, no. 1 (2012): 7691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deitelhoff, Nicole. “The Discursive Process of Legalization: Charting Islands of Persuasion in the ICC Case.” International Organization 63, no. 1 (2009): 3365.Google Scholar
Dellmuth, Lisa, and Tallberg, Jonas. Legitimacy Politics: Elite Communication and Public Opinion in Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.Google Scholar
Dellmuth, Lisa, and Tallberg, Jonas. “The Social Legitimacy of International Organisations: Interest Representation, Institutional Performance, and Confidence Extrapolation in the United Nations.” Review of International Studies 41, no. 3 (2015): 451–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Mestral, Armand. “The Constitutional Functions of the Caribbean Court of Justice.” McGill Journal of Dispute Resolution 1, no. 2 (2015): 4375.Google Scholar
Derlén, Mattias, and Lindholm, Johan. “Characteristics of Precedent: The Case Law of the European Court of Justice in Three Dimensions.” German Law Journal 16, no. 5 (2015): 1073–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vries, Catherine E., Hobolt, Sara B., and Walter, Stefanie. “Politicizing International Cooperation: The Mass Public, Political Entrepreneurs, and Political Opportunity Structures.” International Organization 75, no. 2 (2021): 306–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Witte, Bruno, Muir, Elise, and Dawson, Mark. Judicial Activism at the European Court of Justice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2013.Google Scholar
Deya, Donald. “Why Undermining EA Court Is Sheer Folly.” The East African, December 12, 2006.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves. Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Dingwerth, Klaus, and Witt, Antonia. “Legitimation Contests: A Theoretical Framework.” In International Organizations Under Pressure: Legitimating Global Governance in Challenging Times, edited by Dingwerth, Klaus, Witt, Antonia, Lehmann, Ina, Reichel, Ellen, and Weise, Tobias, 2961. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dingwerth, Klaus, Witt, Antonia, Lehmann, Ina, Reichel, Ellen, and Weise, Tobias, eds. International Organizations Under Pressure: Legitimating Global Governance in Challenging Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnelly, Jack. “International Human Rights: A Regime Analysis.” International Organization 40, no. 3 (1986): 599642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dothan, Shai. “Judicial Tactics in the European Court of Human Rights.” Chicago Journal of International Law 12, no. 1 (2011): 115–42.Google Scholar
Dunham, Jennifer, Nelson, Bret, and Aghekyan, Elen, “Harsh Laws and Violence Drive Global Decline: Freedom of the Press 2015.” Washington D.C.: Freedom House, 2015. Accessed April 4, 2022. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/harsh-laws-and-violence-drive-global-decline.Google Scholar
Dunoff, Jeffrey L., and Pollack, Mark A.. “The Judicial Trilemma.” American Journal of International Law 111, no. 2 (2017): 225–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EAC. Annual Report: Financial Year 2016/2017. Arusha: EAC Secretariat, 2018.Google Scholar
EAC. Annual Report: Financial Year 2017/2018. Arusha: EAC Secretariat, 2019.Google Scholar
EAC. Bills Supplement. No. 9 of November 18, 2016. Arusha: EAC, 2016. Accessed June 18, 2024. www.eala.org/uploads/EACJ_bill2.pdf.Google Scholar
EAC. EAC Development Strategy: 2006–2010. Arusha: EAC, 2006. Accessed June 18, 2024. http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/214/3rd-EAC-Development-Strategy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
EAC. EACJ Rules of Procedure 2004. Arusha: EAC, 2004.Google Scholar
EAC. EACJ Rules of Procedure 2013. Legal Notices Supplement No. 1 to the East African Community Gazette No. 7. Arusha: EAC, 2013.Google Scholar
EAC. Joint Communiqué of the Eighth Summit of EAC Heads of State, November 30, 2006. Arusha: EAC, 2006.Google Scholar
EACJ. Court Manual: A Practical Guide to the Law and Practice of the East African Court of Justice. Arusha: EACJ, 2020. Accessed August 18, 2024. www.eacj.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/EACJ-Manual.pdf.Google Scholar
EACJ. “EACJ President Calls Upon the Stakeholders to Strengthen Their Cooperation & Relationship with the Court.” Press release. June 21, 2018.Google Scholar
EACJ. “EACJ to Develop Five-Year Strategic Plan to Guide Its Operations.” Press release. February 23, 2010.Google Scholar
EACJ. “EACJ Workshop for Judges of the National Courts & Civil Society Workshop Officially Open in Kigali, Rwanda.” Press release. September 24, 2014.Google Scholar
EACJ. “President of the Court Attends the Conference on Requirements for an Independent and Effective Judiciary in Nairobi.” Press release. February 17, 2016.Google Scholar
EACJ. Strategic Plan: 2010–2015. Arusha: EACJ, 2010.Google Scholar
EACJ. Strategic Plan: 2018–2023. Arusha: EACJ, 2018. Accessed June 18, 2024. www.eacj.org/?page_id=1359.Google Scholar
ECJ. Annual Report 1997: Synopsis of the Work of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities. Luxembourg: ECJ, 1997. Accessed June 23, 2024. https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2017-07/rapportannuel1997en.pdf.Google Scholar
Ecker-Ehrhardt, Matthias. “Self-Legitimation in the Face of Politicization: Why International Organizations Centralized Public Communication.” Review of International Organizations 13, no. 4 (2018): 519–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ECtHR. “Reports.” Accessed August 4, 2024. www.echr.coe.int/annual-reports.Google Scholar
ECtHR. Survey: Forty Years of Activity 1959–1998. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1998. Accessed January 27, 2022. www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Survey_19591998_BIL.pdf.Google Scholar
Efrat, Asif, and Newman, Abraham L.. “Deciding to Defer: The Importance of Fairness in Resolving Transnational Jurisdictional Conflicts.” International Organization 70, no. 2 (2016): 409–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elklit, Jørgen. “The Structure and Performance of African Electoral Commissions.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.987Google Scholar
Elsig, Manfred, and Pollack, Mark. “Agents, Trustees, and International Courts: The Politics of Judicial Appointment at the World Trade Organization.” European Journal of International Relations 20, no. 2 (2014): 391415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epp, Charles. The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: University Press of Chicago, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, Lee, and Knight, Jack. The Choices Justices Make. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Facebook. “Page transparency.” Accessed November 17, 2023. www.facebook.com/afchpr/about_profile_transparency.Google Scholar
Facebook. “Page Transparency.” Accessed November 17, 2023. www.facebook.com/yourCCj/about_profile_transparency.Google Scholar
Facebook. “Page Transparency.” Accessed November 14, 2023. www.facebook.com/eacjcourt/about_profile_transparency.Google Scholar
Fahner, Johannes Hendrik. Judicial Deference in International Adjudication: A Comparative Analysis. Studies in International Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2020.Google Scholar
Fahner, Johannes Hendrik. “In Dubio Mitius: Advancing Clarity and Modesty in Treaty Interpretation.” European Journal of International Law 32, no. 3 (2021): 835–62.Google Scholar
Feld, Lars P., and Voigt, Stefan. “Economic Growth and Judicial Independence: Cross-Country Evidence Using a New Set of Indicators.” European Journal of Political Economy 19, no. 3 (2003): 497527.Google Scholar
Fenrich, Jeanmarie, Galizzi, Paolo, and Higgins, Tracy E., eds. The Future of African Customary Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferejohn, John A., and Kramer, Larry D.. “Independent Judges, Dependent Judiciary: Institutionalizing Judicial Restraint.” New York University Law Review 77, no. 4 (2002): 9621039.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Kathryn. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 887917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Follesdal, Andreas. “Survey Article: The Legitimacy of International Courts.” Journal of Political Philosophy 28, no. 4 (2020): 476–99.Google Scholar
Forte, Maximilian C.Extinction: Ideologies Against Indigeneity in the Caribbean.” Southern Quarterly 43, no. 4 (2006): 4669.Google Scholar
Franck, Thomas M. The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankenreiter, Jens. “The Politics of Citations at the ECJ – Policy Preferences of E.U. Member State Governments and the Citation Behavior of Judges at the European Court of Justice.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 14, no. 4 (2017): 813–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedom House. “Freedom in the World 2023 Methodology Questions.” 2023. Accessed April 17, 2023. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/FITW_2023%20MethodologyPDF.pdf.Google Scholar
Freedom House. “Freedom in the World: Aggregate Category and Subcategory Scores, 2003–2022.” 2023. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world.Google Scholar
Gao, Henry, and Zhou, Weihuan. “‘Overreaching’ or ‘Overreacting’? Reflections on the Judicial Function and Approaches of WTO Appellate Body.” Journal of World Trade 53, no. 6 (2019): 951–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardiner, Richard K. Treaty Interpretation. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garoupa, Nuno, and Ginsburg, Tom. “The Comparative Law and Economics of Judicial Councils.” Berkeley Journal of International Law 27, no. 1 (2009): 5383.Google Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey, Kelemen, R. Daniel, and Schulz, Heiner. “The European Court of Justice, National Governments, and Legal Integration in the European Union.” International Organization 52, no. 1 (1998): 149–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gathii, James Thuo. “International Courts as Coordination Devices for Opposition Parties: The Case of the East African Court of Justice.” In The Performance of Africa’s International Courts: Using Litigation for Political, Legal, and Social Change, edited by Gathii, James Thuo, 3587. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gathii, James. “Mission Creep or a Search for Relevance: The East African Court of Justice’s Human Rights Strategy.” Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 24, no. 2 (2013): 249–96.Google Scholar
Gathii, James Thuo. The Performance of Africa’s International Courts: Using International Litigation for Political, Legal, and Social Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gathii, James Thuo. “Promise of International Law: A Third World View (Including a Twail Bibliography 1996–2019 as an Appendix).” American Society of International Law, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 114 (2020): 165–87.Google Scholar
Gathii, James Thuo. “Saving the Serengeti: Africa’s New International Judicial Environmentalism.” Chicago Journal of International Law 16, no. 2 (2016): 386438.Google Scholar
Gathii, James Thuo. “Variation in the Use of Subregional Integration Courts between Business and Human Rights Actors: The Case of the East African Court of Justice.” Law and Contemporary Problems 79, no. 1 (2016): 3762.Google Scholar
Gayoye, Martha. “‘Constitutions without Constitutionalism’ and Judicial Leadership in Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 18, no. 3 (2024): 345–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gebeye, Berihun A.Decoding Legal Pluralism in Africa.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 49, no. 2 (2017): 228–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, Alexander L., and Bennett, Andrew. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Ghany, Hamid A. Constitutional Development in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 2018.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom. “Bounded Discretion in International Judicial Lawmaking.” Virginia Journal of International Law 45, no. 3 (2005): 631–73.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom. “Political Constraints on International Courts.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, edited by Romano, Cesare, Alter, Karen and Shany, Yuval, 483502. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gloppen, Siri. “The Accountability Function of the Courts in Tanzania and Zambia.” Democratization 10, no. 4 (2003): 112–36.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Judith, and Keohane, Robert O.. Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Judith L., and Steinberg, Richard H.. “Regulatory Shift: The Rise of Judicial Liberalization at the WTO.” In The Politics of Global Regulation, edited by Mattli, Walter and Woods, Ngaire, 211–41. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Ocantos, Ezequiel, and Sandholtz, Wayne. “The Sources of Resilience of International Human Rights Courts: The Case of the Inter-American System.” Law & Social Inquiry 47, no. 1 (2022): 95131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gori, Gisella. “Compliance.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law, edited by Shelton, Dinah, 893920. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gourevitch, Peter. “The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics.” International Organization 32, no. 4 (1978): 881912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, Christine. “Remedies.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, edited by Romano, Cesare, Alter, Karen and Shany, Yuval, 871–97. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Green, Craig. “An Intellectual History of Judicial Activism.” Emory Law Journal 58, no. 5 (2009): 1195.Google Scholar
Greenhill, Brian. “How Can International Organizations Shape Public Opinion? Analysis of a Pair of Survey-Based Experiments.” Review of International Organizations 15, no. 1 (2020): 165–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grieco, Joseph M., Gelpi, Christopher, Reifler, Jason, and Feaver, Peter D.. “Let’s Get a Second Opinion: International Institutions and American Public Support for War.” International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 2 (2011): 563–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimmel, Andreas. “Judicial Interpretation or Judicial Activism? The Legacy of Rationalism in the Studies of the European Court of Justice.” European Law Journal 18, no. 4 (2012): 518–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grobe, Christian. “The Power of Words: Argumentative Persuasion in International Negotiations.” European Journal of International Relations 16, no. 1 (2010): 529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Nienke. “Legitimacy and International Adjudicative Bodies.” George Washington International Law Review 41, no. 1 (2009): 107–80.Google Scholar
Gruber, Lloyd. Ruling the World Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Gruszczynski, Lukasz, and Werner, Wouter. Deference in International Courts and Tribunals: Standard of Review and Margin of Appreciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillaume, Gilbert. “Some Thoughts on Independence of International Judges.” The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 2, no. 1 (2003): 163–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutmann, Jerg, and Voigt, Stefan. “The Rule of Law: Measurement and Deep Roots.” European Journal of Political Economy 54 (2018): 6882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutner, Tamar, and Thompson, Alexander. “The Politics of IO Performance: A Framework.” Review of International Organizations 5, no. 3 (2010): 227–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guzman, Andrew, and Simmons, Beth A.. “Power Plays and Capacity Constraints: The Selection of Defendants in World Trade Organization Disputes.” Journal of Legal Studies 34, no. 2 (2005): 557–98.Google Scholar
Guzman, Andrew T.International Tribunals: A Rational Choice Analysis.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 157, no. 1 (2008): 171236.Google Scholar
Haddad, Heidi Nichols. The Hidden Hands of Justice: NGOs, Human Rights, and International Courts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haftel, Yoram, and Thompson, Alexander. “The Independence of International Organizations: Concept and Applications.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50, no. 2 (2006): 253–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagan, John, Levi, Ron, and Ferrales, Gabrielle. “Swaying the Hand of Justice: The Internal and External Dynamics of Regime Change at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.” Law & Social Inquiry 31, no. 3 (2006): 585616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Tiede, Lydia. “The Rule of Law and Economic Growth: Where Are We?World Development 39, no. 5 (2011): 673–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm M.. Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2007.Google Scholar
Harsch, Michael F., and Maksimov, Vladislav. “International Courts and Public Opinion: Explaining the CJEU’s Role in Protecting Terror Suspects’ Rights.” Journal of Common Market Studies 57, no. 5 (2019): 10911110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, Darren G., Lake, David A., Nielson, Daniel L., and Tierney, Michael J.. Delegation and Agency in International Organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, Darren, and Jacoby, Wade. “Agent Permeability, Principal Delegation and the European Court of Human Rights.” Review of International Organizations 3, no. 1 (2008): 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, Jason. “The Right to Free Movement of Persons in Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Law: Towards ‘Juridification’?Journal of Human Rights in the Commonwealth 2, no. 2 (2016): 5766.Google Scholar
Hayo, Bernd, and Voigt, Stefan. “Explaining De Facto Judicial Independence.” International Review of Law & Economics 27, no. 3 (2007): 269–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayo, Bernd, and Voigt, Stefan. “The Long-Term Relationship between De Jure and De Facto Judicial Independence.” Economics Letters 183 (2019): 108603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazlewood, Arthur. “The End of the East African Community: What Are the Lessons for Regional Integration Schemes?Journal of Common Market Studies 18, no. 1 (1979): 4058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, Andrew. “Sub-Regional Courts as Transitional Justice Mechanisms: The Case of the East African Court of Justice in Burundi.” In The Performance of Africa’s International Courts: Using Litigation for Political, Legal, and Social Change, edited by Gathii, James Thuo, 88105. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Heldt, Eugénia. “Regaining Control of Errant Agents? Agency Slack at the European Commission and the World Health Organization.” Cooperation and Conflict 52, no. 4 (2017): 469–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helfer, Laurence, and Slaughter, Anne-Marie. “Towards a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication.” Yale Law Journal 107, no. 2 (1997): 273391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helfer, Laurence, and Slaughter, Anne-Marie. “Why States Create International Tribunals: A Response to Professors Posner and Yoo.” California Law Review 93, no. 3 (2005): 899956.Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen. Courts Under Constraints: Judges, Generals, and Presidents in Argentina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Hermansen, Silje Synnøve Lyder. “Building Legitimacy: Strategic Case Allocations in the Court of Justice of the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy 27, no. 8 (2020): 1215–35.Google Scholar
Heyl, Charlotte. “The Judiciary and the Rule of Law in Africa.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia: Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1352.Google Scholar
Heyns, Christof. “The African Regional Human Rights System: In Need of Reform.” African Human Rights Law Journal 1, no. 2 (2001): 155–74.Google Scholar
Hilbink, Lisa. Judges Beyond Politics in Democracy and Dictatorship: Lessons from Chile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillebrecht, Courtney. Saving the International Justice Regime: Beyond Backlash Against International Courts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschl, Ran. “The Judicialization of Mega-Politics and the Rise of Political Courts.” Annual Review of Political Science 11, no. 1 (2008): 93118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Holland, Kenneth, ed. Judicial Activism in Comparative Perspective. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hönnige, Christoph. “The Electoral Connection: How the Pivotal Judge Affects Oppositional Success at European Constitutional Courts.” West European Politics 32, no. 5 (2009): 963–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooghe, Liesbet, and Marks, Gary. “Delegation and Pooling in International Organizations.” Review of International Organizations 10, no. 3 (2015): 305–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howse, Robert. “The World Trade Organization 20 Years On: Global Governance by Judiciary.” European Journal of International Law 27, no. 1 (2016): 977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, Robert J.The Use of Rhetorical Sources by the U.S. Supreme Court.” Law & Society Review 40, no. 4 (2006): 817–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huneeus, Alexandra. “The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: How Constitutional Lawyers Shape Court Authority.” In International Court Authority, edited by Alter, Karen J., Helfer, Laurence R. and Madsen, Mikael Rask, 196220. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Huneeus, Alexandra, and Urueña, René. “Treaty Exit and Latin America’s Constitutional Courts.” AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 456–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, Ian. After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Hurd, Ian. “Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics.” International Organization 53, no. 2 (1999): 379408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IACtHR. 2020 Annual Report. San Jose: IACtHR, 2021. Accessed August 25, 2024. www.corteidh.or.cr/informes_anuales.cfm?lang=en.Google Scholar
Ibhawoh, Bonny. Imperial Justice: Africans in Empire’s Court. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imerman, Dane. “Contested Legitimacy and Institutional Change: Unpacking the Dynamics of Institutional Legitimacy.” International Studies Review 20, no. 1 (2018): 74100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingadottir, Thordis. “The Financing of International Adjudication.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, edited by Romano, Cesare, Alter, Karen and Shany, Yuval, 594615. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingram, Matthew C.Crafting Courts in New Democracies: Ideology and Judicial Council Reforms in Three Mexican States.” Comparative Politics 44, no. 4 (2012): 439–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IOM. Free Movement of Persons in the Caribbean: Economic and Security Dimensions. San José, Costa Rica: IOM, 2019. Accessed May 11, 2023. https://publications.iom.int/books/free-movement-caribbean-economic-and-security-dimensions.Google Scholar
Jackson, Miles. “Judicial Avoidance at the European Court of Human Rights: Institutional Authority, the Procedural Turn, and Docket Control.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 20, no. 1 (2022): 112–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johns, Leslie. Strengthening International Courts: The Hidden Costs of Legalization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Tana. “Guilt by Association: The Link between States’ Influence and the Legitimacy of Intergovernmental Organizations.” Review of International Organizations 6, no. 1 (2011): 5784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, Alastair Iain. “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments.” International Studies Quarterly 45, no. 4 (2001): 487515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jupille, Joseph, Mattli, Walter, and Snidal, Duncan. Institutional Choice and Global Commerce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaczorowska-Ireland, Alina, and James, Westmin R. A.. Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Procedure: The Referral Procedure Under Article 214 RTC in the Light of EU and International Law. Abingdon: Routledge, 2020.Google Scholar
Kamotho, Joseph. “Changes to the EAC Treaty Unwise.” The Nation, January 25, 2007.Google Scholar
Kapiszewski, Diana. “How Courts Work: Institutions, Culture, and the Brazilian Supremo Tribunal Federal.” In Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America, edited by Huneeus, Alexandra, Couso, Javier and Sieder, Rachel, 5177. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapiszewski, Diana, Silverstein, Gordon, and Kagan, Robert A., eds. Consequential Courts: Judicial Roles in Global Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katende, J. W., and Kanyeihamba, George W.. “Legalism and Politics in East Africa: The Dilemma of the Court of Appeal for East Africa.” Transition, 43 (1973): 4354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kato, L. L.The Court of Appeal for East Africa: From a Colonial Court to an International Court.” East African Law Journal 7, no. 1 (1971): 131.Google Scholar
Keith, Linda Camp. “Judicial Independence and Human Rights Protection Around the World.” Judicature 85, no. 4 (2002): 194200.Google Scholar
Kelemen, Daniel. “The Limits of Judicial Power: Trade-Environment Disputes in the GATT/WTO and the EU.” Comparative Political Studies 34, no. 6 (2001): 622–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel. “The Court of Justice of the European Union: Changing Authority in the Twenty-First Century.” In International Court Authority, edited by Alter, Karen J., Helfer, Laurence and Madsen, Mikael Rask, 223–42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel. “The Political Foundations of Judicial Independence in the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy 19, no. 1 (2012): 4358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel, and Pavone, Tommaso. “Where Have the Guardians Gone? Law Enforcement and the Politics of Supranational Forbearance in the European Union.” World Politics 75, no. 4 (2023): 779825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. After Hegemony Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., Moravcsik, Andrew, and Slaughter, Anne-Marie. “Legalized Dispute Resolution: Interstate and Transnational.” International Organization 54, no. 3 (2000): 457–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kischel, Uwe. Comparative Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Kmiec, Keenan D.The Origin and Current Meanings of ‘Judicial Activism’.” California Law Review 92, no. 5 (2004): 1441–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, Alexander, Brierley, Chris, Maslin, Mark M., and Lewis, Simon L.. “Earth System Impacts of the European Arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492.” Quaternary Science Reviews 207 (2019): 1336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kocken, Joris, and Roozendaal, Gerda. “Constructing the Caribbean Court of Justice: How Ideas Inform Institutional Choices.” European Review of Latin American & Caribbean Studies 93 (2012): 95112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, Robert. The Elgar Companion to the International Court of Justice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kombo, Brenda K.Napoleonic Legacies, Postcolonial State Legitimation, and the Perpetual Myth of Non-Intervention: Family Code Reform and Gender Equality in Mali.” Social & Legal Studies 30, no. 5 (2021): 704–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs, Ronald R., and Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. “Twisting Tongues and Twisting Arms: The Power of Political Rhetoric.” European Journal of International Relations 13, no. 1 (2007): 3566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruck, Andreas, and Zangl, Bernhard. “The Adjustment of International Institutions to Global Power Shifts: A Framework for Analysis.” Global Policy 11, no. S3 (2020): 516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kufuor, Kofi Oteng. The African Human Rights System: Origin and Evolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kufuor, Kofi Oteng. “The Collapse of the Organization of African Unity: Lessons from Economics and History.” Journal of African Law 49, no. 2 (2005): 132–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, Shashank P., and Rose, Cecily. “A Study of Lawyers Appearing Before the International Court of Justice, 1999–2012.” European Journal of International Law 25, no. 3 (2014): 893917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuyper, Jonathan W., and Squatrito, Theresa. “International Courts and Global Democratic Values: Participation, Accountability, and Justification.” Review of International Studies 43, no. 1 (2017): 152–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lake, David A. Hierarchy in International Relations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Lake, David A., and Powell, Robert. Strategic Choice and International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, Olof, and Naurin, Daniel. “Judicial Independence and Political Uncertainty: How the Risk of Override Affects the Court of Justice of the EU.” International Organization 70, no. 2 (2016): 377408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, Olof, Naurin, Daniel, Derlén, Mattias, and Lindholm, Johan. “Speaking Law to Power: The Strategic Use of Precedent of the Court of Justice of the European Union.” Comparative Political Studies 50, no. 7 (2017): 879907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legro, Jeffrey W.Culture and Preferences in the International Cooperation Two-Step.” American Political Science Review 90, no. 1 (1996): 118–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenz, Tobias. Interorganizational Diffusion in International Relations: Regional Institutions and the Role of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenz, Tobias, and Reiss, Mariel. “Globalising the Study of Diffusion: Multiple Sources and the East African Community.” Journal of European Public Policy 31, no. 11 (2024): 3703–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenz, Tobias, and Schmidtke, Henning. “Agents, Audiences and Peers: Why International Organizations Diversify Their Legitimation Discourse.” International Affairs 99, no. 3 (2023): 921–40.Google Scholar
Lester, Simon. “U.S. ‘Wins’ and ‘Losses’ in WTO Disputes.” International Economic Law and Policy Blog, March 15, 2020. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://ielp.worldtradelaw.net/2020/03/us-wins-and-losses-in-wto-disputes.html.Google Scholar
Lewis, Patsy. Caribbean Regional Integration: A Critical Development Approach. London: Routledge, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, Evan S.Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research.” American Political Science Review 99, no. 3 (2005): 435–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, Stefanie A., and Cross, Frank B.. Measuring Judicial Activism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Medina, Diego. “The Latin American and Caribbean Legal Traditions: Repositioning Latin America and the Caribbean on the Contemporary Maps of Comparative Law.” In The Cambridge Companion to Comparative Law, edited by Bussani, Mauro and Mattei, Ugo, 344–67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Lundgren, Magnus, Squatrito, Theresa, and Tallberg, Jonas. “Stability and Change in International Policy-Making: A Punctuated Equilibrium Approach.” Review of International Organizations 13, no. 4 (2018): 547–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Yonatan, and Fowler, James H.. “Strategic Citations to Precedent on the U.S. Supreme Court.” Journal of Legal Studies 42, no. 1 (2013): 151–86.Google Scholar
Lupu, Yonatan, and Voeten, Erik. “Precedent in International Courts: A Network Analysis of Case Citations by the European Court of Human Rights.” British Journal of Political Science 42, no. 2 (2012): 413–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackenzie, Ruth, Malleson, Kate, Martin, Penny, and Sands, Philippe. Selecting International Judges: Principle, Process, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackenzie, Ruth, and Sands, Philippe. “International Courts and Tribunals and the Independence of the International Judge.” Harvard International Law Journal 44, no. 1 (2003): 271–85.Google Scholar
Madsen, Mikael Rask. “The European Court of Human Rights: From the Cold War to the Brighton Declaration and Backlash.” In International Court Authority, edited by Alter, Karen J., Helfer, Laurence R. and Madsen, Mikael Rask, 243–74. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Madsen, Mikael Rask. “From Cold War Instrument to Supreme European Court: The European Court of Human Rights at the Crossroads of International and National Law and Politics.” Law & Social Inquiry 32, no. 1 (2007): 137–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, Mikael Rask. “The Protracted Institutionalization of the Strasbourg Court: From Legal Diplomacy to Integrationist Jurisprudence.” In The European Court of Human Rights between Law and Politics, edited by Christoffersen, Jonas and Madsen, Mikael Rask, 4360. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, Mikael Rask, Cebulak, Pola, and Wiebusch, Micha. “Backlash Against International Courts: Explaining the Forms and Patterns of Resistance to International Courts.” International Journal of Law in Context 14, no. 2 (2018): 197220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majone, Giandomenico. “Two Logics of Delegation: Agency and Fiduciary Relations in EU Governance.” European Union Politics 2, no. 1 (2001): 103–21.Google Scholar
Makunya, Trésor Muhindo. “Decisions of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights During 2020: Trends and Lessons.” African Human Rights Law Journal 21, no. 2 (2021): 1230–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mancuso, Salvatore. “The New African Law: Beyond the Difference between Common Law and Civil Law.” Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law 14, no. 1. (2008): 3960.Google Scholar
Manga Fombad, Charles. “A Comparative Overview of Recent Trends in Judicial Appointments: Selected Cases from Africa.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 55, no. 1 (2021): 161–82.Google Scholar
Mansfield, Edward D., and Reinhardt, Eric. “Multilateral Determinants of Regionalism: The Effects of GATT/WTO on the Formation of Preferential Trading Arrangements.” International Organization 57, no. 4 (2003): 829–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Lisa L., and Simmons, Beth A.. “International Organizations and Institutions.” In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas and Simmons, Beth A., 326351. London: Sage, 2012.Google Scholar
Martinsen, Dorte Sindbjerg. “Conflict and Conflict Management in the Cross-Border Provision of Healthcare Services.” West European Politics 32, no. 4 (2009): 792809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masengu, Tabeth. “The Vulnerability of Judges in Contemporary Africa: Alarming Trends.” Africa Today 63, no. 4 (2017): 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masinde, Wanyama, and Omolo, Christopher Otieno. “The Road to East African Integration.” In East African Community Law: Institutional, Substantive and Comparative EU Aspects, edited by Ugirashebuja, Emmanuel, Ruhangisa, John Eudes, Ottervanger, Tom, and Cuyvers, Armin, 121. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2017.Google Scholar
Mattern, Janice Bially, and Zarakol, Ayşe. “Hierarchies in World Politics.” International Organization 70, no. 3 (2016): 623–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattli, Walter, and Slaughter, Anne-Marie. “Revisiting the European Court of Justice.” International Organization 52, no. 1 (1998): 177209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mawar, Deepak. “The Perils of Judicial Restraint: How Judicial Activism Can Help Evolve the International Court of Justice.” Goettingen Journal of International Law 9, no. 3 (2018): 425–56.Google Scholar
Mawby, Spencer. Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglophone Caribbean, 1947–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mbori, Harrison. “Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza v. The Republic of Rwanda.” American Journal of International Law 112, no. 4 (2018): 713–19.Google Scholar
McNamara, Kathleen. The Currency of Ideas: Monetary Politics in the European Union. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Melton, James, and Ginsburg, Tom. “Does De Jure Judicial Independence Really Matter? A Reevaluation of Explanations for Judicial Independence.” Journal of Law and Courts 2, no. 2 (2014): 187217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meron, Theodor. “Judicial Independence and Impartiality in International Criminal Tribunals.” American Journal of International Law 99, no. 2 (2005): 359–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. “What Is Legal Culture – An Anthropological Perspective Using Legal Culture.” Journal of Comparative Law 5, no. 2 (2010): 4058.Google Scholar
Milner, Helen. “The Assumption of Anarchy in International Relations Theory: A Critique.” Review of International Studies 17, no. 1 (1991): 6785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, and Powell, Emilia Justyna. Domestic Law Goes Global: Legal Traditions and International Courts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics.” International Organization 51, no. 4 (1997): 513–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, Philip D.Slavery in the British Caribbean.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, edited by Eltis, David and Engerman, Stanley L., 378406. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morse, Julia C., and Keohane, Robert O.. “Contested Multilateralism.” Review of International Organizations 9, no. 4 (2014): 385412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mpinganjira, Ernest. “Lawyers Protest Move to Weaken Regional Court.” The East African Standard, December 19, 2006.Google Scholar
Mshomba, Richard E. Economic Integration in Africa: The East African Community in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mugonyi, David. “Kenya Removes Judge from Arusha Court.” The Nation, March 20, 2007.Google Scholar
Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. “The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights and Its Protection of the Right to a Fair Trial.” Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 16, no. 2 (2017): 187223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. “The Islamic Law of Marriage and Inheritance in Kenya.” Journal of African Law 65, no. 3 (2021): 377401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murithi, Tim. “The African Union’s Transition from Non-Intervention to Non-Indifference: An Ad Hoc Approach to the Responsibility to Protect?Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 1, no. 1 (2009): 90106.Google Scholar
Mutinda, Jackson. “EACJ President Nestor Kayobera Says Court Needs More Autonomy.” The East African, October 26, 2022.Google Scholar
Mutua, Makau. “Justice Under Siege: The Rule of Law and Judicial Subservience in Kenya.” Human Rights Quarterly 23, no. 1 (2001): 96118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutyaba, Michael. “From Voting to Walking: The 2011 Walk-to-Work Protest Movement in Uganda.” In Popular Protest, Political Opportunities, and Change in Africa, edited by Sanches, Edalina Rodrigues, 163–80. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022.Google Scholar
Naldi, Gino J.The African Union and the Regional Human Rights System.” In The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: The System in Practice 1986–2006, edited by Evans, Malcolm and Murray, Rachel, 2048. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Namunane, Bernard. “Leaders Petitioned Over Regional Court.” The Nation, December 19, 2006.Google Scholar
Nathan, Laurie. “The Disbanding of the SADC Tribunal: A Cautionary Tale.” Human Rights Quarterly 35, no. 4 (2013): 870–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naurin, Daniel, and Stiansen, Øyvind. “The Dilemma of Dissent: Split Judicial Decisions and Compliance with Judgments from the International Human Rights Judiciary.” Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 6 (2020): 959–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielson, Daniel L., and Tierney, Michael J.. “Delegation to International Organizations: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform.” International Organization 57, no. 2 (2003): 241–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niyungeko, Gérard. “National Sensitization Seminar.” Speech at National Sensitization Seminar of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Accra, Ghana. December 12, 2011. Accessed August 25, 2024. www.african-court.org/wpafc/national-sensitization-seminar-on-the-african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights-by-hon-justice-gerard-niyungeko/.Google Scholar
Niyungeko, Gerard. “The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance as a Human Rights Instrument.” Journal of African Law 63, no. S1 (2019): 6380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niyungeko, Gerard. “The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Possible Role of the Pan-African Parliament in Promoting the Court.” Speech at Fifth Ordinary Session of the Second Parliament of the Pan African Parliament. Midrand, South Africa. October 6, 2011. Accessed August 25, 2024. www.african-court.org/wpafc/the-african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights-and-the-possible-role-of-the-pan-african-parliament-in-promoting-the-court-hon-justice-gerard-niyungeko/.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Derek. “CARICOM: Regional Integration in a Post-Colonial World.” European Law Journal 17, no. 5 (2011): 630–48.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Derek. “The End of the Caribbean Court of Justice? On Failed Constitutional Referendums in Grenada, and Antigua and Barbuda,” ConstitutionNet, November 26, 2018. https://constitutionnet.org/news/end-caribbean-court-justice-failed-constitutional-referendums-grenada-and-antigua-and-barbuda.Google Scholar
OAU. Decision AHG/Dec.115 (XVI), rev. 1, July 16–20, 1979. Sixteenth Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Monrovia, Liberia: OAU, 1979.Google Scholar
OAU. Resolution AHG/Res.230 (XXX), June 13–15, 1994. Thirtieth Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Tunis, Tunisia: OAU, 1994.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Derek, and Foadi, S.. “CARICOM and Its Court of Justice.” Common Law World Review 37, no. 4 (2008): 334–55.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Derek. “CARICOM: A New Legal Order?” UK Constitutional Law Blog, November 8, 2013. https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2013/11/08/derek-obrien-caricom-a-new-legal-order/.Google Scholar
O’Donohue, Jonathan. “Financing the International Criminal Court.” In The Realities of International Criminal Justice, edited by Rothe, Dawn L., Meernik, James and Ingadóttir, Þórdís, 269–96. Leiden: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar
Oba, Abdulmumini A.The Future of Customary Law in Africa.” In The Future of African Customary Law, edited by Fenrich, Jeanmarie, Galizzi, Paolo and Higgins, Tracy E., 5880. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onoria, Henry. “Botched-Up Elections, Treaty Amendments and Judicial Independence in the East African Community.” Journal of African Law 54, no. 1 (2010): 7494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oré, Sylvain. “Presidential Speech.” Speech at Opening Ceremony of the Third Continental Judicial Dialogue. Arusha, Tanzania. November 9, 2017. Accessed June 4, 2024. www.african-court.org/en/images/Speeches/Opening_Prez_3rd_JD_2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Oré, Sylvain. “Opening Statement by the President.” Speech at 48th Ordinary Session of the ACtHPR. Arusha, Tanzania. February 26, 2018. Accessed February 26, 2024. www.african-court.org/en/images/Speeches/EG_48th_Opening_Statement_Prez_26_March_2018.pdf.Google Scholar
Orloff, Neil. “Economic Integration in East Africa: The Treaty for East-African Co-Operation.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 7, no. 2 (1968): 302–32.Google Scholar
Oude Elferink, A. G.The Russian Federation and the Arctic Sunrise Case: Hot Pursuit and Other Issues Under the LOSC.” International Law Studies 92 (2016): 381406.Google Scholar
Ouguergouz, Fatsah. “The Establishment of an African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights: A Judicial Premiere for the African Union.” African Yearbook of International Law 11, no. 1 (2003): 79141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmtag, Tabea, Rommel, Tobias, and Walter, Stefanie. “International Trade and Public Protest: Evidence from Russian Regions.” International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 4 (2020): 939–55.Google Scholar
Pasqualucci, Jo M. The Practice and Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Pauwelyn, Joost, and Elsig, Manfred. “The Politics of Treaty Interpretation: Variations and Explanations across International Tribunals.” In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations, edited by Dunoff, Jeffrey and Pollack, Mark, 445–74. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Pauwelyn, Joost, and Hamilton, Rebecca J.. “Exit from International Tribunals.” Journal of International Dispute Settlement 9, no. 4 (2018): 679–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pauwelyn, Joost, and Pelc, Krzysztof. “Who Guards the ‘Guardians of the System’? The Role of the Secretariat in WTO Dispute Settlement.” American Journal of International Law 116, no. 3 (2022): 534–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavone, Tommaso. “From Marx to Market: Lawyers, European Law, and the Contentious Transformation of the Port of Genoa.” Law & Society Review 53, no. 3 (2019): 851–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavone, Tommaso. The Ghostwriters: Lawyers and the Politics Behind the Judicial Construction of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, Anthony J. The Political History of CARICOM. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 2008.Google Scholar
Pelc, Krzysztof J.Googling the WTO: What Search-Engine Data Tell Us About the Political Economy of Institutions.” International Organization 67, no. 3 (2013): 629–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pevehouse, Jon C. W., Nordstrom, Timothy, McManus, Roseanne W., and Jamison, Anne Spencer. “Tracking Organizations in the World: The Correlates of War IGO Version 3.0 Datasets.” Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 3 (2020): 492503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelan, William. “Enforcement and Escape in the Andean Community: Why the Andean Community of Nations Is Not a Replica of the European Union.” Journal of Common Market Studies 53, no. 4 (2014): 840–56.Google Scholar
Pollack, Mark A. The Engines of European Integration: Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the EU. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, Mark A.. “International Court Curbing in Geneva: Lessons from the Paralysis of the WTO Appellate Body.” Governance 36, no. 1 (2023): 2339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, Duke E. The Caribbean Court of Justice: Closing the Circle of Independence. Kingston, Jamaica: Caribbean Law Publishing Co., 2004.Google Scholar
Posner, Eric, and Yoo, John. “Judicial Independence in International Tribunals.” California Law Review 93, no. 1 (2005): 174.Google Scholar
Pratt, Tyler. “Deference and Hierarchy in International Regime Complexes.” International Organization 72, no. 3 (2018): 561–90.Google Scholar
Prempeh, H. Kwasi. “Africa’s ‘Constitutionalism Revival’: False Start or New Dawn?International Journal of Constitutional Law 5, no. 3 (2007): 469506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prempeh, H. Kwasi. “Marbury in Africa: Judicial Review and the Challenge of Constitutionalism in Contemporary Africa.” Tulane Law Review 80, no. 4 (2006): 12391324.Google Scholar
Proctor, Jesse Harris. “The Framing of the West Indian Federal Constitution: An Adventure in National Self-Determination.” Revista de Historia de América no. 57/58 (1964): 51–119.Google Scholar
Puig, Sergio, and Strezhnev, Anton. “The David Effect and ISDS.” European Journal of International Law 28, no. 3 (2017): 731–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Robert D.Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games.” International Organization 42, no. 3 (1988): 427–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachovitsa, Adamantia. “On New ‘Judicial Animals’: The Curious Case of an African Court with Material Jurisdiction of a Global Scope.” Human Rights Law Review 19, no. 2 (2019): 255–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramadhani, Augustino. “Statement to ACmHPR.” Speech at Opening of the Fifty-Sixth Ordinary Session of the ACmHPR. Banjul, The Gambia. April 21, 2015.Google Scholar
Ramadhani, Augustino. “Statement.” Speech at the Opening of the Validation of the African Court’s Strategic Plan. Arusha, Tanzania. March 5, 2016.Google Scholar
Ratner, Steven R.Persuading to Comply: On the Deployment and Avoidance of Legal Argumentation.” In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art, edited by Dunoff, Jeffrey and Pollack, Mark, 568–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Ravenhill, John. “Regional Integration and Development in Africa: Lessons from the East African Community.” Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 17, no. 3 (1979): 227–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawlins, Hugh. The Caribbean Court of Justice: The History and Analysis of the Debate. Georgetown, Guyana: CARICOM, 2000.Google Scholar
Reiss, Mariel. Constructing the East African Community: Diffusion from African and European Regional Organizations. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ríos-Figueroa, Julio, and Staton, Jeffrey K.. “An Evaluation of Cross-National Measures of Judicial Independence.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 30, no. 1 (2014): 104–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ríos Figueroa, Julio. “Fragmentation of Power and the Emergence of an Effective Judiciary in Mexico, 1994–2002.” Latin American Politics & Society 49, no. 1 (2007): 3157.Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas. “‘Let’s Argue!’: Communicative Action in World Politics.” International Organization 54, no. 1 (2000): 139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Tracy. “A Caribbean Common Law.” Race & Class 49, no. 2 (2007): 118–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogowski, Ronald. Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Romano, Cesare. “Trial and Error in International Judicialization.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, edited by Romano, Cesare, Alter, Karen and Shany, Yuval, 111–34. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Romano, Cesare, Alter, Karen, and Shany, Yuval. “Mapping International Adjudicative Bodies, the Issues, and Players.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, edited by Romano, Cesare, Alter, Karen and Shany, Yuval, 326. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romano, Cesare. “A Taxonomy of International Rule of Law Institutions.” Journal of International Dispute Settlement 2, no. 1 (2011): 241–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roopnarine, Lomarsh. “Indo-Caribbean Migration: From Periphery to Core.” Caribbean Quarterly 49, no. 3 (2003): 3060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruhangisa, John Eudes. “The East African Court of Justice: Ten Years of Operation (Achievements and Challenges).” Sensitisation Workshop on the Role of the EACJ in the EAC Integration. Kampala, November 2, 2011. Accessed August 25, 2024. www.eacj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/EACJ-Ten-Years-of-Operation.pdf.Google Scholar
Salmon, Hugh M.The Caribbean Court of Justice: A March with Destiny.” Florida Coastal Law Journal 2, no. 1 (2000): 231–40.Google Scholar
Sattler, Thomas, and Bernauer, Thomas. “Gravitation or Discrimination? Determinants of Litigation in the World Trade Organisation.” European Journal of Political Research 50, no. 2 (2011): 143–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, Adrian. “The Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas: Conflicts and Contradictions for the Island State.” Speech at the Public Gathering, St Vincent and the Grenadines, May 16, 2017. Accessed August 25, 2024. www.ccj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Remarks-by-the-Honourable-Mr-Justice-Adrian-Saunder-on-the-Revised-Treaty-of-Chaguaramas-in-St-Vincent_20170516.pdf.Google Scholar
Saunders, Adrian D.A Commentary on the Early Decisions of the Caribbean Court of Justice in Its Original Jurisdiction.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, no. 3 (2010): 761–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharpf, Fritz W. Games Real Actors Play: Actor-Centered Institutionalism in Policy Research. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Scharpf, Fritz W.. “The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration.” Public Administration 66, no. 3 (1988): 239–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimmelfennig, Frank. “The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union.” International Organization 55, no. 1 (2001): 4780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segal, Jeffrey A., and Spaeth, Harold J.. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, Gregory, Elsig, Manfred, and Puig, Sergio. “The Extensive (But Fragile) Authority of the WTO Appellate Body.” Law and Contemporary Problems 79, no. 1 (2016): 237–73.Google Scholar
Shany, Yuval. Assessing the Effectiveness of International Courts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shany, Yuval. “No Longer a Weak Department of Power? Reflections on the Emergence of a New International Judiciary.” European Journal of International Law 20, no. 1 (2009): 7391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelton, Dinah. Remedies in International Human Rights Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirlow, Esmé. Judging at the Interface: Deference to State Decision-Making Authority in International Adjudication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, Beth A. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, David. “The Caribbean Court of Justice: A Unique Institution of Caribbean Creativity.” Commonwealth Law Bulletin 31, no. 1 (2005): 6990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smithey, Shannon Ishiyama, and Ishiyama, John. “Judicial Activism in Post-Communist Politics.” Law & Society Review 36, no. 4 (2002): 719–42.Google Scholar
Snyder, Jack. “The Broken Bargain: How Nationalism Came Back.” Foreign Affairs 98, no. 2 (2019): 5460.Google Scholar
Spackman, Ann. Constitutional Development of the West Indies 1922–1968: A Selection from the Major Documents. Barbados: Caribbean Universities Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Squatrito, Theresa. “A Comparative Analysis of Formal Independence.” In The Legitimacy of International Trade Courts and Tribunals, edited by Howse, Robert, Ruiz-Fabri, Helene and Zang, Michelle G., 405–31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Squatrito, Theresa. “The Democratizing Effects of Transnational Actors’ Access to International Courts.” Global Governance 24, no. 4 (2018): 595613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squatrito, Theresa. “Judicial Diplomacy: International Courts and Legitimation.” Review of International Studies 47, no. 1 (2021): 6484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squatrito, Theresa. “Opening the Doors to the WTO Dispute Settlement: State Preferences on NGO Access as Amici.” Swiss Political Science Review 18, no. 2 (2012): 175–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squatrito, Theresa. “Resourcing Global Justice: The Resource Management Design of International Courts.” Global Policy 8, no. 5 (2017): 6274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squatrito, Theresa, Young, Oran, Follesdal, Andreas, and Ulfstein, Geir, eds. The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squatrito, Theresa, Young, Oran R., Follesdal, Andreas, and Ulfstein, Geir. “A Framework for Evaluating the Performance of International Courts and Tribunals.” In The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals, edited by Squatrito, Theresa, Young, Oran R., Follesdal, Andreas and Ulfstein, Geir, 336. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staton, Jeffrey K., and Moore, Will H.. “Judicial Power in Domestic and International Politics.” International Organization 65, no. 3 (2011): 553–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staton, Jeffrey K., and Romero, Alexia. “Rational Remedies: The Role of Opinion Clarity in the Inter-American Human Rights System.” International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 3 (2019): 477–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, Richard H.Judicial Lawmaking at the WTO: Discursive, Constitutional, and Political Constraints.” American Journal of International Law 98, no. 2 (2004): 247–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinert, Christoph Valentin. “Elitist Remedies? Complaint Resources and Representation in International Human Rights Bodies.” International Studies Quarterly 68, no. 2 (2024): 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiansen, Øyvind. “Directing Compliance? Remedial Approach and Compliance with European Court of Human Rights Judgments.” British Journal of Political Science 51, no. 2 (2021): 899907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiansen, Øyvind. “(Non)Renewable Terms and Judicial Independence in the European Court of Human Rights.” Journal of Politics 84, no. 2 (2022): 9921006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiansen, Øyvind, and Voeten, Erik. “Backlash and Judicial Restraint: Evidence from the European Court of Human Rights.” International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 4 (2020): 770–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiansen, Øyvind, and Voeten, Erik. “ECtHR Judgments.” In Georgetown/PluriCourts European Court of Human Rights Database. Harvard Dataverse, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OBYUO5.Google Scholar
Stirton, Lindsay, and Lodge, Martin. “Constitutionalism and Colonial Legacies in the Caribbean.” In The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Constitutions, edited by Albert, Richard, O’Brien, Derek and Wheatle, Se-shauna, 2546. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec, and Brunell, Thomas L.. “Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community.” American Political Science Review 92, no. 1 (1998): 6381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec, and Brunell, Thomas L.. “The European Court of Justice, State Noncompliance, and the Politics of Override.” American Political Science Review 106, no. 1 (2012): 204–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec, and Brunell, Thomas L.. “Trustee Courts and the Judicialization of International Regimes: The Politics of Majoritarian Activism in the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Union, and the World Trade Organization.” Journal of Law and Courts 1, no. 1 (2013): 6188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tallberg, Jonas, and McCall Smith, James. “Dispute Settlement in World Politics: States, Supranational Prosecutors, and Compliance.” European Journal of International Relations 20, no. 1 (2014): 118–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tallberg, Jonas, Sommerer, Thomas, Squatrito, Theresa, and Lundgren, Magnus. “The Performance of International Organizations: A Policy Output Approach.” Journal of European Public Policy 23, no. 7 (2016): 1077–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tallberg, Jonas, and Zürn, Michael. “The Legitimacy and Legitimation of International Organizations: Introduction and Framework.” Review of International Organizations 14, no. 4 (2019): 581606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. “Bridging the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide.” In Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, 2nd ed, edited by Brady, Henry E. and Collier, David, 93110. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.Google Scholar
Taye, Mihreteab Tsighe. “The Role of the East African Court of Justice in the Advancement of Human Rights: Reflections on the Creation and Practice of the Court.” African Journal of International and Comparative Law 27, no. 3 (2019): 359–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terris, Daniel, Romano, Cesare, and Swigart, Leigh. The International Judge: An Introduction to the Men and Women Who Decide the World’s Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toshkov, Dimiter. Research Design in Political Science. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trochev, Alexei, and Ellett, Rachel. “Judges and Their Allies: Rethinking Judicial Autonomy through the Prism of Off-Bench Resistance.” Journal of Law and Courts 2, no. 1 (2014): 6791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsebelis, George, and Garrett, Geoffrey. “The Institutional Foundations of Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union.” International Organization 55, no. 2 (2001): 357–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ubwani, Zephania. “Swearing-in of Kenyan MPs Blocked.” The Nation, November 28, 2006.Google Scholar
Ubwani, Zephania. “Why East African Court Wants More Financial Freedom.” The Citizen, December 7, 2020.Google Scholar
Ubwani, Zephania. “Why Financial Autonomy ‘Is Good’ for EACJ.” The Citizen, July 5, 2021.Google Scholar
Udombana, Nsongurua J.Toward the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: Better Late Than Never.” Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal 3, no. 45 (2000): 45111.Google Scholar
UNDP. Caribbean Justice: A Needs Assessment of the Judicial System in Nine Countries. Panama City: UNDP, 2020. Accessed May 10, 2023. www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/bb/Caribbean-Justice_A-Needs-Assessment-of-the-Judicial-System-in-Nine-Countries.pdf.Google Scholar
UNDP. Rule of Law and Access to Justice in Eastern and Southern Africa: Showcasing Innovations and Good Practices. Addis Ababa: UNDP, 2013. Accessed April 1, 2024. www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/africa/Rule-of-Law-and-Access-to-Justice-in-Eastern-and-Southern-Africa-2013_EN.PDF.Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary. Resolution A/RES/40/32 (November 29, 1985) and A/RES/40/146 (December 13, 1985). Adopted by the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders. 1985. Accessed August 25, 2024. www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/basic-principles-independence-judiciary.Google Scholar
UN International Law Commission. Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. Report of the ILC on the Work of its Fifty-third Session, UNGA Official Record, 56th session, Supplement No. 10, A/56/10. 2001. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf.Google Scholar
US Trade Representative. Report on the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization. 2020. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/enforcement/DS/USTR.Appellate.Body.Rpt.Feb2020.pdf.Google Scholar
Vanberg, Georg. The Politics of Constitutional Review in Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Vanberg, Georg. “Establishing and Maintaining Judicial Independence.” In The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics, edited by Caldeira, Gregory A., Kelemen, R. Daniel and Whittington, Keith E., 99118. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Viljoen, Frans. “Forging a Credible African System of Human Rights Protection by Overcoming State Resistance and Institutional Weakness: Compliance at a Crossroads.” In Research Handbook on Compliance in International Human Rights Law, edited by Grote, Rainer, Antoniazzi, Mariela Morales and Davide, Paris, 362–90. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.Google Scholar
Viljoen, Frans. International Human Rights Law in Africa. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Viljoen, Frans. “Understanding and Overcoming Challenges in Accessing the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 67, no. 1 (2018): 6398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viljoen, Frans, and Louw, Lirette. “The Status of the Findings of the African Commission: From Moral Persuasion to Legal Obligation.” Journal of African Law 48, no. 1 (2004): 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viola, Lora Anne. The Closure of the International System: How Institutions Create Political Equalities and Hierarchies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voeten, Erik. “Borrowing and Nonborrowing Among International Courts.” Journal of Legal Studies 39, no. 2 (2010): 547–76.Google Scholar
Voeten, Erik. “The Impartiality of International Judges: Evidence from the European Court of Human Rights.” American Political Science Review 102, no. 4 (2008): 417–33.Google Scholar
Voeten, Erik. “The Politics of International Judicial Appointments.” Chicago Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (2009): 387405.Google Scholar
Voeten, Erik. “The Politics of International Judicial Appointments: Evidence from the European Court of Human Rights.” International Organization 61, no. 4 (2007): 669701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voeten, Erik. “Populism and Backlashes Against International Courts.” Perspectives on Politics 18, no. 2 (2020): 407–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voeten, Erik. “Public Opinion and the Legitimacy of International Courts.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 14, no. 2 (2013): 411–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voigt, Stefan. “The Independence of International Courts – Making Reputation Work?Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 24, no. 4 (2017): 511–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Borzyskowski, Inken, and Vabulas, Felicity. “Hello, Goodbye: When Do States Withdraw from International Organizations?Review of International Organizations 14, no. 2 (2019): 335–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VonDoepp, Peter, and Ellett, Rachel. “Reworking Strategic Models of Executive-Judicial Relations: Insights from New African Democracies.” Comparative Politics 43, no. 2 (2011): 147–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waiswa, Abudu Sallam. “EACJ—Kenya’s Move Shows Political Immaturity.” The East African, January 2, 2007.Google Scholar
Walter, Stefanie. “Brexit Domino? The Political Contagion Effects of Voter-Endorsed Withdrawals from International Institutions.” Comparative Political Studies 54, no. 13 (2021): 23822415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserfallen, Fabio. “The Judiciary as Legislator? How the European Court of Justice Shapes Policy-Making in the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy 17, no. 8 (2010): 1128–46.Google Scholar
Weiler, Joseph H. H.The Transformation of Europe.” Yale Law Journal 100, no. 8 (1991): 2403–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheatle, Se-shauna, and Campbell, Yonique. “Constitutional Faith and Identity in the Caribbean: Tradition, Politics and the Creolisation of Caribbean Constitutional Law.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 58, no. 3 (2020): 344–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WIC. Time for Action: Report of the West Indian Commission. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Widner, Jennifer. Building the Rule of Law: Francis Nyalali and the Road to Judicial Independence in Africa. New York: W. W. Norton, 2001.Google Scholar
Windridge, Oliver. “Assessing Rwexit: The Impact and Implications of Rwanda’s Withdrawal of Its Article 34(6) Declaration before the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights.” African Human Rights Yearbook 2, no. 1 (2018): 243–58.Google Scholar
Windridge, Oliver. “A Watershed Moment for African Human Rights: Mtikila & Others v Tanzania at the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights.” African Human Rights Law Journal 15, no. 2 (2015): 299328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarbiyev, Fuad. “Judicial Activism.” In Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, edited by Fabri, Hélène Ruiz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Zarbiyev, Fuad. “Judicial Activism in International Law: A Conceptual Framework for Analysis.” Journal of International Dispute Settlement 3, no. 2 (2012): 247–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaum, Dominik, ed. Legitimating International Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermann, Dominik. The Independence of International Courts: The Adherence of the International Judiciary to a Fundamental Value of the Administration of Justice. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zink, James R., Spriggs, James F., and Scott, John T.. “Courting the Public: The Influence of Decision Attributes on Individuals’ Views of Court Opinions.” Journal of Politics 71, no. 3 (2009): 909–25.Google Scholar
Zips, Werner. “Laws in Competition: Traditional Maroon Authorities within Legal Pluralism in Jamaica.” Journal of Legal Pluralism & Unofficial Law 28, no. 37–38 (1996): 279305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zürn, Michael, Binder, Martin, and Ecker-Ehrhardt, Matthias. “International Authority and Its Politicization.” International Theory 4, no. 1 (2012): 69106.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.2 AAA

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this book complies with version 2.2 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), offering more comprehensive accessibility measures for a broad range of users and attains the highest (AAA) level of WCAG compliance, optimising the user experience by meeting the most extensive accessibility guidelines.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
Full alternative textual descriptions
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
Use of high contrast between text and background colour
You benefit from high‐contrast text, which improves legibility if you have low vision or if you are reading in less‐than‐ideal lighting conditions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Theresa Squatrito, London School of Economics and Political Science
  • Book: Judging under Constraint
  • Online publication: 27 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009607636.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Theresa Squatrito, London School of Economics and Political Science
  • Book: Judging under Constraint
  • Online publication: 27 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009607636.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Theresa Squatrito, London School of Economics and Political Science
  • Book: Judging under Constraint
  • Online publication: 27 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009607636.009
Available formats
×