Book contents
- How to Read an EEG
- Reviews
- How to Read an EEG
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figure Contributions
- Foreword to the First Edition
- Preface
- How to Read This Book
- Part I Basics
- Part II Interpretation
- Chapter 7 Approach to EEG Reading
- Chapter 8 Describing Abnormalities
- Chapter 9 Artifacts
- Chapter 10 Normal Variants
- Chapter 11 Sporadic Abnormalities
- Chapter 12 Repetitive Abnormalities
- Chapter 13 Ictal Patterns (Electrographic Seizures)
- Chapter 14 Activation Procedures
- Part III Specific Conditions
- Appendix: How to Write a Report
- Index
- References
Chapter 13 - Ictal Patterns (Electrographic Seizures)
from Part II - Interpretation
Published online by Cambridge University Press: aN Invalid Date NaN
Book contents
- How to Read an EEG
- Reviews
- How to Read an EEG
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figure Contributions
- Foreword to the First Edition
- Preface
- How to Read This Book
- Part I Basics
- Part II Interpretation
- Chapter 7 Approach to EEG Reading
- Chapter 8 Describing Abnormalities
- Chapter 9 Artifacts
- Chapter 10 Normal Variants
- Chapter 11 Sporadic Abnormalities
- Chapter 12 Repetitive Abnormalities
- Chapter 13 Ictal Patterns (Electrographic Seizures)
- Chapter 14 Activation Procedures
- Part III Specific Conditions
- Appendix: How to Write a Report
- Index
- References
Summary
Ictal patterns represent ongoing electrographic seizures. They are recognized by their clinical accompaniments, which may be subtle and their electrographic features. Evolution is the hallmark of an ictal pattern. “Plus” terms also render a pattern to be more ictal in appearance. Typically, electrographic seizures have a clear evolution between onset and offset and a duration of 10 seconds or more. They are common in critically ill patients and are diagnosed on continuous EEG monitoring. Brief potentially ictal rhythmic discharges (BIRDs) are asymptomatic short duration (less than 10 seconds) patterns strongly associated with epileptic seizures. [101 words/619 characters]
Information
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- How to Read an EEG , pp. 191 - 207Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2025
References
Cole, AJ. Status epilepticus and periictal imaging. Epilepsia. 2004 Jul;45:72–7.10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.04014.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jirsch, J, Hirsch, LJ. Nonconvulsive seizures: developing a rational approach to the diagnosis and management in the critically ill population. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2007 Aug;118(8):1660–70.10.1016/j.clinph.2006.11.312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, LJ, Fong, MWK, Leitinger, M, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society’s standardized critical care EEG terminology: 2021 version. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2021 Jan;38(1):1–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reiher, J, Rivest, J, Maison, FG, Leduc, CP. Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges with transitional rhythmic discharges: association with seizures. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1991 Jan 1;78(1):12–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beniczky, S, Hirsch, LJ, Kaplan, PW, et al. Unified EEG terminology and criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2013 Sep;54:28–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leitinger, M, Trinka, E, Gardella, E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the Salzburg EEG criteria for non-convulsive status epilepticus: a retrospective study. The Lancet Neurology. 2016 Sep 1;15(10):1054–62.10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30137-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laccheo, I, Sonmezturk, H, Bhatt, AB, et al. Non-convulsive status epilepticus and non-convulsive seizures in neurological ICU patients. Neurocritical Care. 2015 Apr 1;22(2):202–11.10.1007/s12028-014-0070-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLorenzo, RJ, Waterhouse, EJ, Towne, AR, et al. Persistent nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the control of convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1998 Aug;39(8):833–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Claassen, J, Mayer, SA, Kowalski, RG, Emerson, RG, Hirsch, LJ. Detection of electrographic seizures with continuous EEG monitoring in critically ill patients. Neurology. 2004 May 25;62(10):1743–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herman, ST, Abend, NS, Bleck, TP, et al. Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, part I: indications. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2015 Apr;32(2):87.10.1097/WNP.0000000000000166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Struck, AF, Osman, G, Rampal, N, et al. Time-dependent risk of seizures in critically ill patients on continuous electroencephalogram. Annals of Neurology. 2017 Aug;82(2):177–85.10.1002/ana.24985CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Marchis, GM, Pugin, D, Meyers, E, et al. Seizure burden in subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with functional and cognitive outcome. Neurology. 2016 Jan 19;86(3):253–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foreman, B, Claassen, J, Khaled, KA, et al. Generalized periodic discharges in the critically ill: a case-control study of 200 patients. Neurology. 2012 Nov 6;79(19):1951–60.10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182735cd7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, PW. Prognosis in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. In Prognosis of epilepsies; Jallon, P, Ed. (pp. 311–25). John Libbey Eurotext, Paris; 2003.Google Scholar
Yoo, JY, Rampal, N, Petroff, OA, Hirsch, LJ, Gaspard, N. Brief potentially ictal rhythmic discharges in critically ill adults. JAMA Neurology. 2014 Apr 1;71(4):454–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.2 AAA
The PDF of this book
complies with version 2.2 of the
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
(WCAG), offering more comprehensive accessibility measures for a broad range
of users and attains the highest
(AAA)
level of WCAG compliance, optimising the user experience by meeting the most extensive
accessibility guidelines.
Content Navigation
Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.
Reading Order & Textual Equivalents
Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
Full alternative textual descriptions
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.
Visual Accessibility
Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
Use of high contrast between text and background colour
You benefit from high‐contrast text, which improves legibility if you have low vision or if you are reading in less‐than‐ideal lighting conditions.
You benefit from high‐contrast text, which improves legibility if you have low vision or if you are reading in less‐than‐ideal lighting conditions.