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This article contends that the creation of a legacy by students enables them to situate their time and experiences at university within their broader life goals and expectations. Legacy learning refers to the act of creating an archive or artefact for the benefit of posterity; collating, collecting and creating a virtual or tangible article, or objet, for successive cohorts to utilise as a learning resource. It is also a tangible product that students may use to demonstrate their skills to prospective employers; something to take away with them from the process of learning. At the heart of the concept are two key factors: collaboration and the process of self-reflection. This article illustrates legacy learning through the examination of a final year module on Asia for which small groups of students had to produce a documentary video and individual self-reflection paper. Although the putative goal of the endeavour was envisioned as the realisation of the documentary itself, the self-reflection exercise by students suggests that the underlying learning value of the exercise may in fact rest in the self-realisation of the learner.
While typical academic skills such as research and writing are commonly monitored in Higher Education, generic skills such as teamwork, critical thinking or communication receive less attention. This is problematic in light of discussions on students’ further career development. It is often said that active learning environments facilitate the training of such skills. Having a tool to monitor skills progression is an important prerequisite to properly test such claims. At Maastricht University, we developed a self-assessment tool to raise awareness about skills required to take full advantage of the active learning environment, and to initiate self-reflection on the side of students. While the current tool achieves these objectives, it is less suited as an instrument for measuring skills development. In this article, we propose a re-developed self-assessment tool and test its merits through a quasi-experimental study. A group of sixty-two students was asked to complete both the old and new version of the tool. Students and mentors were subsequently asked to evaluate which score represents students’ skills level best. We evaluate if the new self-assessment tool provides a better insight into students’ generic skills development in an active learning environment.
Self-reflection is central to the development of psychotherapeutic competence. Given the positive reports of video analysis use in psychotherapy training, we suggest that self-reflection based on video analysis may be particularly effective. The aim of this study was to test whether video-based structured self-reflection (VSR) is superior to memory-based structured self-reflection (MSR) in terms of its effect on students’ psychotherapeutic competence and the therapeutic alliance. As part of a university seminar within a Master’s program, N=34 psychology students (M=25 years; n=32 identifying as female) were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of practice with either VSR (n=16) or MSR (n=18). Independent raters assessed students’ psychotherapeutic competence and the alliance before and after the practice phase (pre- and post-assessment). Students additionally rated their own competence during the practice phase. The written self-reflections were analysed using qualitative content analysis and frequency analysis. A repeated measures MANOVA revealed no significant differences between the study groups in the development of externally rated psychotherapeutic competencies from pre- to post-assessment. An analysis of students’ self-reported competencies during the practice phase revealed a significant time effect (η2G=0.12). Analysis of the written self-reflections showed that students focused mainly on the positive aspects of their behavior. The assumption that VSR is particularly beneficial was not confirmed. It seems that self-reflection requires additional guidance, feedback, and a sufficient time frame to effectively improve trainee skills.
Key learning aims
(1) To find out whether video-based structured self-reflection is an effective means of developing students’ psychotherapeutic skills and the therapeutic alliance.
(2) To identify the main characteristics of students’ self-reflections and the benefits and challenges they perceive during the self-reflection process.
(3) To draw methodologically valid conclusions for the implementation of self-reflection in the university context.
1. In what way can personal stories from practitioners in social work bring in something new in education? 2. What issues connected to the joy of practising social work can be transferred to social work education? 3. How can stories from practitioners be told to service users, to become relational bridges that connect people?
Imagine entering solitude, as either a familiar or foreign landscape; getting the lay of the land; then choosing a direction in which to go. With that approach to organizing our research subjects’ many diverse experiences, four categories of benefits emerged like cardinal directions on a map – north, south, east, and west. In solitude, we draw our own map and orient our individual compass as we venture down our chosen path. The direction one goes, toward a new or familiar destination, may vary depending on the day or moment, stage of life, or necessity or desire to achieve a certain goal.
This chapter lays out the theoretical underpinning of self-regulated learning and the overlap between self-regulated learning and science and engineering practices. Examples of the cognitive processes of a self-regulated learner are explained as they attempt a learning task and travel through the cycle of forethought, performance, and self-reflection. Self-regulated learning cycles from both a naive and a skilled learner are explained. Examples of teacher support for each phase of self-regulated learning are described within the context of science and engineering practices.
Excessive negative self-referential processing plays an important role in the development and maintenance of major depressive disorder (MDD). Current measures of self-reflection are limited to self-report questionnaires and invoking imagined states, which may not be suitable for all populations.
Aims
The current study aimed to pilot a new measure of self-reflection, the Fake IQ Test (FIQT).
Method
Participants with MDD and unaffected controls completed a behavioural (experiment 1, n = 50) and functional magnetic resonance imaging version (experiment 2, n = 35) of the FIQT.
Results
Behaviourally, those with MDD showed elevated negative self-comparison with others, higher self-dissatisfaction and lower perceived success on the task, compared with controls; however, FIQT scores were not related to existing self-report measures of self-reflection. In the functional magnetic resonance imaging version, greater activation in self-reflection versus control conditions was found bilaterally in the inferior frontal cortex, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, motor cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. No differences in neural activation were found between participants with MDD and controls, nor were there any associations between neural activity, FIQT scores or self-report measures of self-reflection.
Conclusions
Our results suggest the FIQT is sensitive to affective psychopathology, but a lack of association with other measures of self-reflection may indicate that the task is measuring a different construct. Alternatively, the FIQT may measure aspects of self-reflection inaccessible to current questionnaires. Future work should explore relationships with alternative measures of self-reflection likely to be involved in perception of task performance, such as perfectionism.
Abstract: As a product of constructed imaginations, national identity is fragile, especially in pluralistic democracies where cohesion depends on the faithful execution of an aspirational ideal, such as “the American Creed,” a statement about fairness and merit. Cohesion is difficult to build and easily fractured. When fractured, the humanities may provide the material needed to stitch together a new identity, one that emerges out of the old. Repairing fractures and maintaining a cohesive democratic identity is the work of citizens serving as custodians of democracy. But failure is always a possibility.
In this chapter, we begin by examining the role of reflective practice in partnership work and in doing so highlight the importance of knowing yourself and who you are as person. In Chapter 7, we critically examine reflective practice and how it unfolds in partnership work. In this chapter, we introduce the notion of reflective practice and how it prepares educators to begin thinking about how to come together with families. As you commence this journey of self-reflection, you will come to understand the complexity of partnership work and the skills you might need to develop to effectively engage with difference. We then explore some of the key ideas underpinning the planning of partnership work, including the importance of communication and open and positive mindsets, as well as the idea of active engagement and development of intercultural knowledge and capabilities. Through this examination, you will come to understand the first premise of the TWINE Model of Partnership so that you can identify as well as learn how to draw on this premise of the model when planning for partnership work.
The modern business environment requires managers to make effective decisions in a dynamic and uncertain world. How can such dynamic decision making (DDM) improve? The current study investigated the effects of brief training aimed at improving DDM skills in a virtual DDM task. The training addressed the DDM process, stressed the importance of self-reflection in DDM, and provided 3 self-reflective questions to guide participants during the task. Additionally, we explored whether participants low or high in self-reflection would perform better in the task and whether participants low or high in self-reflection would benefit more from the training. The study also explored possible strategic differences between participants related to training and self-reflection. Participants were 68 graduate business students. They individually managed a computer-simulated chocolate production company called CHOCO FINE and answered surveys to assess self-reflection and demographics. Training in DDM led to better performance, including the ability to solve initial problems more successfully and to make appropriate adjustments to market changes. Participants’ self-reflection scores also predicted performance in this virtual business company. High self-reflection was also related to more consistency in planning and decision making. Participants low in self-reflection benefitted the most from training. Organizations could use DDM training to establish and promote a culture that values self-reflective decision making.
Self-reflection is often viewed positively; paradoxically, however, it is also associated with distress, potentially because of its relationship with rumination. Focusing self-reflection on positive themes may be one way to promote adaptive self-reflection. This study examined whether the disposition to engage in self-reflection motivates use of a journal containing positively focused writing prompts and moderates the benefit gained from it, specifically when rumination is controlled for. For 28 days, participants (N = 152) accessed an app-based mental health intervention containing various features, including the aforementioned journal. Outcomes of self-regulation and psychological wellbeing were assessed, controlling for time spent using other app features. As expected, journaling was associated with improvements in psychological wellbeing but only when baseline self-reflection was average or higher. Journaling was also initially associated with improvements in self-regulation, but this was diminished after controlling for time spent using other app features. Findings suggest self-reflection could be a strength for fostering wellbeing when it is directed in a positive way.
This chapter introduces mindreading (the ability to understand others' thoughts and to interact with them socially). The first section looks at childrens' pretend play behavior and how it is explained by Leslie's metarepresentation models. The second section addresses the false belief test, which was developed to detect whether young children can understand that other people might hold misleading information about their environment. The third section introduces Baron-Cohen's model of the mindreading system, explaining data from different paradigms, such as the false belief test in normal or autistic children. The fourth section looks at an alternative approach -- the simulation theory, which hypothesizes that we predict other people by simulating how we would react if we received the same information. The last section reviews recent neural evidence on mindreading mechanisms.
Personal practice (PP) is often considered as a central component in psychotherapy training aiming to promote personal and therapeutic competences. However, its implementation varies considerably in practice.
Aims:
The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the current practice of PP regarding the frequency/occurrence and perceived usefulness/impairment of topics, techniques and effects, as well as its helpful characteristics in psychotherapy training.
Method:
407 German psychotherapy trainees (214 cognitive behavioural therapy; 178 psychodynamic therapy) were surveyed online as to their current practice of PP.
Results:
For trainees, personal and therapeutic related topics were discussed. Reflection techniques and self-experiential practice were among the most frequently reported strategies, while the fostering of personal and interpersonal competences was among the effects with the strongest occurrence. However, negative PP effects were recorded as well. Differences in PP practice emerged between therapeutic orientations.
Conclusions:
As certain techniques which are central to PP (e.g. self-experience) were also rarely or not used, and negative effects reported, its potential might not be fully utilized.
Chapter 6 concludes the book by reconstructing both the pitfalls and the horizons of contemporary utopianism. Based on a comparative reading of my three constellations, my final point is that utopianism remains structurally pervaded by the following three fault lines: indeterminacy, wishful thinking and defeatism. Since these fault lines derive from enduring features of utopianism, the best manner of coping with them would be to openly avow their pervasiveness and prepare for the eventual traps that any form of social dreaming might fall into. If we conceive of utopianism as the education of our desire for being and living otherwise, we should, the chapter insists, also remain constantly alert to the multiple respects in which these pedagogical efforts may go awry. Critical self-reflexivity is therefore pivotal to the orientative function that all utopias in the Anthropocene seek to perform. The book ends with a discussion of how such a self-reflective attitude could be cultivated so as to accommodate the failures that social dreaming succumbs to. The anti-hero of Robert Musil's The Man without Qualities can assist us in gaining valuable insights into this issue.
Drawing on social cognitive theory, this paper examines whether self-reflection mediates the association between workplace ostracism and team members’ creativity, and whether this mediating effect is moderated by high-involvement work practices (HIWPs). We construct and test a cross-level model using multilevel path analysis to analyse data collected from 81 teams (a total of 393 members) in China. The results show that workplace ostracism negatively influences team members’ reflection but positively influences rumination, which in turn affects individual creativity. Furthermore, HIWPs negatively moderate the effects of workplace ostracism on self-reflection, and moderate the linkages among workplace ostracism, reflection/rumination and team members’ creativity. Finally, theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
This last chapter returns to the main point of this book: to propose a new “way of seeing” (Johns) international legal knowledge construction. It puts forward three conclusions. First, the “mundane” (Johns) only comes into view by changing the way we read or listen. This entails a willingness to attend to international law’s texts; to spend time with them and to ‘stay seated’ throughout the attempt at reading or hearing them differently. Second, considering others’ knowledge practices this closely spills over into a closer consideration of one’s own. This is in fact what follows from the book's sociological approach, and by showing what forms this (self-)reflection may take on, I argue that the knowledge practices of those involved in the cyberwar discourse are not limited to doctrinal work. Third, looking at international legal scholarship in this way also reveals the presence of its writers. In writing about international law its scholars distance themselves from it; and in so doing we come to see that there is, in fact, a writer at work (as also discussed by Pierre Schlag). What results is a view of scholars as engaged in ‘writing law’ in a very literal, textual, tangible sense.
Personal practice (PP) is an integral component of many psychotherapy training programmes. It aims to promote personal and professional growth and is often conducted in a group format (g-PP). Group cohesion is one of the most researched mechanisms in group psychotherapy, but has rarely been studied in the context of g-PP.
Aims and method
This exploratory study examines the associations between cohesion, satisfaction with g-PP, its impact on personal and professional development, and theoretical orientation in a sample of n = 329 German psychotherapy trainees. Cohesion was assessed with the group questionnaire (GQ-D; Positive Bonding, Positive Working, Negative Relationship).
Results
Overall, participants reported high levels of all outcome variables. Positive Bonding was the strongest predictor of satisfaction with g-PP (β = 0.46, p<.001). While trainees in cognitive behaviour therapy reported significantly better cohesion scores (d≥0.31), trainees in psychodynamic therapy reported significantly higher satisfaction with g-PP and its impact on their developments (d≥0.30).
Conclusions
Group cohesion appears to be an important factor in g-PP that should be actively promoted by group leaders. However, longitudinal study designs are needed to better understand the emergence of cohesion in g-PP as well as potential moderating factors.
Dante’s life-transforming experience of Beatrice is at once a theophany and a poetic epiphany. It is made such particularly in and through its literary elaboration. Beatrice’s living appearances to Dante become inseparable from his imaginings of her in the complex weave of interpretations preserved in the book of his memory and in the existential witness of his poems. Dante’s rhetoric of appearing marks the visionary quality of his narrative and his verses, but it also underscores certain enigmas pertaining to the veracity of his personal experience of what is, for him, an unshakable truth. A proliferation of variants of his experience – whether of dissemblance or of death – riddles Dante’s testimony to one incomparable person and event. As in the fourfold Gospels, experience of the transcendent is inescapably multiple: every individual witness differs from the others. The emergence of modern self-reflective subjectivity in Dante’s rendering of his witness to a religious experience results in a dialectic between reflection and inspiration. The more Dante reflects on his experience, the more reflection itself is revealed as at least the proximate source of his however exalted perceptions. His inspiration comes to him in and through his deeply subjectivized reflection – for instance, in his spontaneously “receiving” the incipit for his canzone “Women who have intelligence of love” during prolonged solitary meditation. The boundaries between inner and outer realities dissolve when all definable realities show up as produced by reflection. Reflection finds itself at the origin of its world to such an extent that even the self has no content not produced by reflection, and in this Dante’s little book anticipates the eventual implosion of the modern subject. For him, this is also its explosion in a direction opening to the infinitely other and divine.
Dreams reveal more than they can know or say about a reality that they only indirectly refract. They present a plethora of manifestly significant, yet non-transparent symptoms and indices. Dreams invite us to interpret their enigmatic representations as encodings of the mysteries of our existence. As essentially a form of interpretation, moreover, dreams can elucidate the logic of the consciously constructed narratives and lyrical compositions of poetry that elaborate and extend into daytime consciousness the mysteriously imaginative modes and darkly felt emotions of dreaming.
Dreams can have a higher degree of truth than the ordinary empirical reality that presents us simply with one thing after another because the dream reveals more openly and directly the deep desires and shaping drives that infiltrate our actual experience of the real. The dream makes apparently separate things coalesce together and exposes the unapparent connectedness of them all. All become part of a unified meaning which the dream reveals. Poetic and dream knowledge alike furnish outstanding models for religious revelation.
This chapter considers cultural safety within the context of Australian nursing and midwifery practice, using Irihapeti Ramsden’s definition of cultural safety as a framework. The chapter begins by considering the effects of colonisation on the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and how nurses must be aware of their patients’ cultures (which extend beyond ethnicity) in order to effectively treat them. The chapter discusses the journey practitioners take from cultural awareness through cultural sensitivity to achieve cultural safety. The chapter suggests that nurses must use self-reflection as a tool to understand their own beliefs, values and attitudes and how these may impact the healthcare they provide. This chapter is a call to all nurses and midwives to understand the differences between themselves and their patients, and to provide culturally safe care to all patients.