This chapter analyzes different methodologies for using the history of international development and economic growth to study US foreign relations. Early efforts to historicize development, driven largely by the scholarship of anthropologists, political theorists, and historical sociologists, focused on the intellectual origins and discursive effects of development and growth discourse. I show how, over the past two decades, historians have expanded upon this work in multiple ways. They have used governmental and nonstate archival collections to analyze the intellectual and political origins of ideas about development and growth in the United States. They have used documents in foreign languages from across the world to analyze how those receiving development assistance alternately resisted, challenged, accepted, adapted, and integrated US foreign aid into their domestic state-building and development initiatives. Historians have likewise integrated analytic frameworks from other subfields and disciplines – such as environmental history, science and technology studies (STS), and the history of economic thought – to assess the short- and long-term legacies of development initiatives. The chapter explores these approaches to analyzing development and growth as entry points to study how, why, and to what ends the United States exercised power in myriad ways across the world.

How we create believable characters. Resisting the urge to decide exactly who your character is before you know who your story needs them to be. The interdependence of character and plot and the emotional journey of the character. Moving beyond ‘show; don’t tell’: the interaction between characters allows the reader to get to know characters by observation rather than instruction. Managing minor characters. Conflict, consistency and contradiction all have a part to play in plausible characterisation. Characters come from you but they’re not you: the importance of freeing ourselves as writers from ourselves as people.

A thorough and detailed understanding of normal development in childhood provides a basis upon which we can build knowledge of children’s mental health difficulties. Development refers to expected patterns of change over time, beginning at conception and continuing throughout the lifespan. It is a lifelong process and encompasses different domains, including the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive.

Is the way my child plays with others suggestive of Autism? Could his bad dreams indicate anxiety? Does the fact she can’t sit through a whole film mean she has ADHD? Only with an in-depth knowledge of what is developmentally ‘normal’, can we begin to elicit whether behaviours that deviate from these norms might indicate disorder. This is the basis of the developmental psychopathology that underpins the practice of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. What is considered ‘normal’ development involves a complex and continuous interplay between genetic and environmental (including sociocultural) factors. Despite some variation, there is a consistency and reliability of functioning in children that remains steadfast from generation to generation.

In this chapter we will consider areas including the milestones of development in early childhood; attachment theory, temperament and personality; theories of emotional, cognitive and social development; and development in adolescence.

Chapter 3 examines the evolution of caste and democracy.In doing so, it focuses on three aspects – the relationship between caste and electoral politics, the trajectory of caste-based reservations (affirmative action), and the link between development indicators and caste in the contemporary period. Though caste mobilization has indeed pluralized representative politics in India, substantial economic and social gains by the lower castes have been limited.

Following from the overview of regional diversity in the previous chapter, Chapter 6 discusses economic development and political change in four Indian states in turn: Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab.

This chapter will critically assess the role and the impact of corporate philanthropy in the UN development sector, with a specific focus on the activities of the UN Development Program (UNDP) as one of the most active UN bodies when it comes to private sector collaborations. In doing so, this contribution will first provide an overview of the evolution of corporate philanthropy in the UN system. This will be followed by exploration of different forms of corporate funding at the UN, including direct contributions to the organization; indirect contributions through the establishment of a charitable foundation; and public–private partnerships. The chapter will conclude with an assessment of the mechanisms that were put in place by the UN as a whole and the UNDP in particular to mitigate the reputational risks associated with the business sector cooperation.

The Nonet for Winds and Strings follows a four-movement “sonata cycle” design that had become standard in the Classical chamber music tradition by the 1840s: A sonata-form first movement in a fast tempo is followed by a slow movement and an upbeat Scherzo, then a sonata-form finale. Farrenc’s sonata forms demonstrate the influence of her teacher Anton Reicha, whose treatises provide a guide to the informed study of her works. Farrenc’s innovations include continuous development in these movements and colorful harmonic narratives that deviate from later “textbook” explanations of form. Her use of contrapuntal writing, learned variation techniques, and references to familiar pieces from the wind chamber repertoire (Septets by Beethoven and Hummel) demonstrate her compositional mastery. Throughout the Nonet, she writes expertly for the instruments and incorporates playful dialogue and brilliant-style writing for all nine players in every movement. The Nonet became her most popular work, in part, because it balances virtuosity with craftsmanship, and the fun interactions between friends within the ensemble create an atmosphere of learned play for listeners and performers alike.

The book concludes in Chapter 8 with a summary of the major theoretical and empirical findings on the clean energy regime complex’s emergence and effectiveness across Indonesia and the Philippines, and a discussion of the theory’s broader generalizability, further research opportunities, and policy implications and recommendations for fostering energy transitions in a world of complex governance.

Human facial movements transmit a wealth of dynamic signals that provide crucial information about people’s emotional states. The temporal dynamics of facial expressions of emotion are optimised to hierarchically transmit biologically rooted and socially adaptive signals over time. We begin this chapter by formally defining these signals and by offering an overview of recent advances in research methods that improving our understanding of them. We then describe how the ability to decode such biologically relevant social signals emerges early in life and evolves throughout adolescence. Next, we discuss how experience, culture, and individual differences shape the decoding of facial expressions of emotion, before moving towards differences in processing static and dynamic facial expressions of emotion. Finally, we elaborate on the use of more ecologically valid experimental designs, cross-cultural studies, and understanding the roots of individual differences in facial expression processing to improve future knowledge in the field.

When thinking about emotional expressions, most would probably envision facial expressions (e.g., smiling, scowling) or vocalizations (e.g., crying, laughter). Here we focus on the emotional postures and movements of the body – an important, but fairly understudied, signal for emotion perception. During emotional episodes, humans often position and move their bodies in consistent ways that may (or may not) signal their underlying feelings and future actions. We briefly review the historical antecedents of this literature, as well as current knowledge on the neural processing, developmental trajectory, and cultural differences in the emotional perception of body language. We continue by examining the role of the body as a contextualizing agent for disambiguating facial expressions, as well as their inverse relationship – from faces to bodies. Future directions and speculations about how this emerging field may evolve are discussed.

Chapter 5 provides an overview of the development of the International Council on Archives and its role mediating custodial disputes over colonial archives. This chapter, admittedly, interrupts the book’s narrative. Chronologically, it covers the late 1940s through the 1970s and largely examines the council’s main conferences during the period in order to trace the emergence of the notion of the “migrated archives” and debates over their custody. Like the role of international organizations themselves, this chapter is significant but somewhat detached from the realm of everyday activity surrounding Kenya’s “migrated archives.” However, as is demonstrated by the chapter, it provided important resources with which former colonies advocated the return of political documents as a matter of postcolonial sovereignty. These advocacy efforts were stalled by the reconfiguration of imperial hegemony upon which the International Council on Archives was based.

The ability to express and perceive vocal emotions plays an important role in social interactions. Notably, the encoding and decoding of emotions often occur in social interactions of persons of different ages, where speaker and listener characteristics dynamically shape the perception of emotion expressed in the voice. However, existing models of (emotional) voice processing have primarily focused on stimulus quality while accounting sparsely for person characteristics, such as speaker and listener age. Consequently, systematic research on the expression and perception of emotion in the voice across the lifespan is needed. Here, we provide a synopsis of how the perception and specifically the recognition of vocal emotions is modulated by the age of both speakers and listeners. First, we summarize what we currently know about human vocal tract development and age-related variations in voice acoustics. We then synthesize evidence on age-related changes in the expression and perception of vocal emotions. We conclude that the perception of emotion expressed in the voice is not only a matter of how one speaks but also of who speaks and who listens. A broader perspective on how the voice communicates emotions should be reflected in existing models and guide future research.

Data on children’s behavior in early childhood can predict the child’s behavior as an adult. Hence, there is an assumption that preliminary evaluation of a child’s skills and other capacities (e.g., behavior at preschool or kindergarten) will predict the child’s ability to adjust to school. Accordingly, efforts are made to measure children’s individual capacities (“human capital”) and use it to evaluate the child’s “personal maturity” and preparedness for the transition to elementary school. Gradually, it has been recognized that attention should be given not only to the child’s capacities but also to the school capacities. This is the essence of measurement and intervention in the domain of “school readiness.” Thus, responsibility for successful adjustment to elementary school is the responsibility of the school and not only a matter of the child’s characteristics. This change also requires a shift from a psychometric assessment that measures children at a certain point of time to an edumetric assessment that pursues evaluation of the child’s capability to meet the required standards assuming that proper measures and activities are undertaken to enable it.

This chapter examines the specificities at work at the international level and their implications for the issue of legitimacy, concentrating on the contemporary context. These specificities have to be understood in relation to the notion and experience of the international community. There are five distinctive features that characterize the international level in connection with the sense of international community. Although the interactions of these characteristics make the international system what it is, this chapter addresses them individually to identify clearly their nature and respective significance for international legitimacy. These features include the ambiguity of the international community; the national bent of international life; cultural diversity and disparity of development; the hegemonic and yet fragmented and contested conception and exercise of power; and the extent to which actors (states and individuals, in particular) have the possibility of ownership—that is, of being represented and of participating at the international level, including in terms of consent.