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The distinct effects of cool and hot executive function deficits on ADHD core symptoms: Combining variable-centered and person-centered approaches

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2025

Xueke Wang Open the ORCID record for Xueke Wang [Opens in a new window] ,
Li Chen Open the ORCID record for Li Chen [Opens in a new window]  and
Tingyong Feng Open the ORCID record for Tingyong Feng [Opens in a new window]
Xueke Wang
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Li Chen*
Affiliation:
Growth Development and Mental Health Center of Children and Adolescents, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Tingyong Feng*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, China
*
Corresponding authors: Li Chen; Email: chenli@cqmu.edu.cn Tingyong Feng; Email: fengty0@swu.edu.cn
Corresponding authors: Li Chen; Email: chenli@cqmu.edu.cn Tingyong Feng; Email: fengty0@swu.edu.cn
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Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, accompanied by deficits in executive function (EF). However, how the two core symptoms of ADHD are affected by EF deficits remains unclear. 649 children with ADHD were recruited. Data were collected from ADHD rating scales, the Behavior Rating Inventory of EF (BRIEF), and other demographic questionnaires. Regression and path analyses were conducted to explore how deficits in cool and hot EF influence different ADHD core symptoms. Latent class analysis and logistic regression were employed to further examine whether classification of ADHD subtypes is associated with specific EF deficits. EF deficits significantly predicted the severity of ADHD core symptoms, with cool EF being a greater predictor of inattention and hot EF having a more significant effect on hyperactivity/impulsivity. Moreover, person-centered analyses revealed higher EF deficits in subtypes of ADHD with more severe symptoms, and both cool and hot EF deficits could predict the classification of ADHD subtypes. Our findings identify distinct roles for cool and hot EF deficits in the two core symptoms of ADHD, which provide scientific support for the development of ADHD diagnostic tools and personalized intervention from the perspective of specific EF deficits.

Keywords

ADHDcore symptomscool executive functionhot executive functionlatent class analysis

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Type
Regular Article
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Development and Psychopathology , Volume 37 , Issue 5 , December 2025 , pp. 2636 - 2645
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© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press

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