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Modernizing State Support of Nonprofit Service Provision: The Case of Kyrgyzstan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Yulia Shapovalova*
Affiliation:
Queen Mary University, London, UK

Abstract

This paper examines a recent effort to reform the laws on outsourcing to nonprofit organizations in the Central Asian country of Kyrgyzstan. To do so, it first examines Kyrgyzstan’s pattern of outsourcing during the era of Soviet control of the country. It then examines early post-Soviet efforts to establish an effective system of outsourcing to nonprofits and the difficulties that these early efforts encountered. Finally, it looks in more detail at a major effort to reform this system undertaken during 2014 and 2015 and draws some significant lessons for the redesign of contracting and outsourcing provisions that are relevant not only for former Soviet countries but more generally as well.

Résumé

Résumé

Cet article examine l’action récente visant à réformer les lois sur l’externalisation vers les organisations à but non lucratif dans le pays d’Asie centrale du Kirghizistan. Pour ce faire, il examine en premier le modèle d’externalisation du Kirghizistan à l’époque de la domination soviétique du pays. Il examine ensuite les premiers efforts postsoviétiques pour établir un système efficace de sous-traitance aux organisations à but non lucratif, ainsi que les difficultés que ces premiers efforts ont rencontrées. Enfin, il regarde plus en détail un effort important entrepris en 2014 et 2015 pour réformer ce système et en tire quelques leçons significatives pour la réforme des dispositions sur l’attribution des marchés et l’externalisation, qui concernent tant les anciens pays soviétiques que les pays de façon plus générale.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die kürzlichen Bemühungen zur Reformierung der Gesetze über das Outsourcing an gemeinnützige Organisationen im zentralasiatischen Land Kirgisistan. Dazu wird zunächst das Outsourcing-Schema von Kirgisistan während des Zeitraums, in dem es der sowjetischen Kontrolle unterlag, untersucht. Anschließend erforscht man die frühen postsowjetischen Bemühungen zur Einführung eines effektiven Systems von Outsourcing an gemeinnützige Organisationen und die Schwierigkeiten, denen man bei diesen frühen Bemühungen begegnete. Schließlich betrachtet man eingehend die wesentlichen Bemühungen in den Jahren 2014 und 2015 zur Reformierung dieses Systems und zieht einige wichtige Lehren daraus für den neuen Entwurf von Vertrags- und Outsourcing-Bestimmungen, die nicht nur für ehemalige sowjetische Länder, sondern auch im Allgemeinen relevant sind.

Resumen

Resumen

El presente documento examina una reciente iniciativa para reformar las leyes sobre la subcontratación de organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro en el país de Asia Central, Kirguistán. Para hacerlo, examina primero el patrón de subcontratación de Kirguistán durante la época del control soviético del país. Examina después los tempranos esfuerzos postsoviéticos por establecer un sistema efectivo de subcontratación de las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro y las dificultades con las que se encontraron estos tempranos esfuerzos. Finalmente, analiza con más detalle un importante esfuerzo por reformar este sistema emprendido durante 2014 y 2015 y extrae algunas lecciones significativas para el rediseño de disposiciones sobre contratación y subcontratación que son relevantes no sólo para los antiguos países soviéticos, sino también en general.

摘要

摘要

本文检视了中亚国家吉尔吉斯斯坦最近在非营利性组织外包法律改革方面的努力。为此,我们先检视了在苏联统治时期吉尔吉斯斯坦的外包形式。然后再检视后苏联统治早期,该国在为非营利性组织建立一套有效的外包体系所作的努力以及这些早期努力所遇到的困难。最后,本文更深入地检视了在2014与2015年期间对此系统进行改革所作的主要努力,并为重新设计关于缔约与外包的法规总结了一些有意义的教训,这些教训不但与前苏联国家相关,而且也具有普遍的参考价值。

要約

要約

本論文では、中央アジアのキルギスでの非営利団体へのアウトソーシングに関する法律を改革するための近年の努力について調査する。これを行うために、最初にソビエト支配時代のキルギスタンにおけるアウトソーシングのパターンを研究する。次に、非営利団体のアウトソーシングにおける効果的なシステムを確立するソビエト時代後の努力、初期の努力における困難を調査する。最後に、2014年、2015 年に実施されたこのシステムを改革するための努力を詳細に検証して、旧ソ連諸国だけでなくより一般的に関連するアウトソーシングの規定と契約の再設計における重要な教訓を提示する。

ملخص

ملخص

يفحص هذا البحث الجهود الأخيرة لإصلاح القوانين المتعلقة بالإستعانة بمصادر خارجية للمنظمات الغير ربحية في الدولة في وسط آسيا قيرجيزستان. للقيام بذلك، يفحص أولا” نمط قرجيزستان للإستعانة بمصادر خارجية في عهد السيطرة السوفيتية للبلاد. بعد ذلك يفحص جهود ما بعد الإتحاد السوفيتي في وقت مبكر لإنشاء نظام فعال للإستعانة بمصادر خارجية للمؤسسات الغير ربحية والصعوبات التي واجهت هذه الجهود المبكرة. أخيرا”، يراقب بمزيد من التفاصيل في بذل جهود كبيرة لإصلاح هذا النظام الذي تم خلال عامي 2014 و 2015، ويجذب النظر لبعض الدروس الهامة لإعادة تصميم أحكام التعاقد والإستعانة بمصادر خارجية التي لها صلة ليس فقط لبلدان الإتحاد السوفياتي السابقة، لكن بشكل عام كذلك.

Information

Type
Original Paper
Copyright
Copyright © International Society for Third-Sector Research and The Johns Hopkins University 2015

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Footnotes

This paper is part of the Special Issue: Unlikely Partners? Evolving Government-Nonprofit Relationships, East and West edited by Lester M Salamon.

An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9796-y.

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