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Structural aspects and trends in the evolution of recalcitrant seeds in dicotyledons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2008

I. von Teichman  and
A. E. van Wyk
I. von Teichman*
Affiliation:
Margaretha Mes Institute for Seed Research and H G W J Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 Republic of South Africa
A. E. van Wyk
Affiliation:
Margaretha Mes Institute for Seed Research and H G W J Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 Republic of South Africa
*
* Correspondence
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Abstract

This review focuses on the possible evolutionary status and functional significance of recalcitrance and certain associated ovule/seed characters, within the framework of modern systems of angiosperm classification. The presence of recalcitrant seed viability in 45 dicotyledonous families is significantly associated with bitegmic and crassinucellate ovules and with nuclear endosperm development, all considered ancestral (plesiomorphic) character states of the ovule; as well as with greater seed size, woody habit and tropical habitat, also regarded as ancestral character states in the dicotyledons. In many species with recalcitrant seeds, the predominant storage reserve is carbohydrate. Recalcitrance is significantly associated with the exalbuminous type of reserve storage. It is proposed that in large recalcitrant seeds, the transfer of the main storage function from endosperm to embryo was probably an early development. In many species with recalcitrance, the ovules/seeds are characterized by extensive vascularization of the integument(s)/seed coat or by a pachychalaza. Pachychalazy is proposed to be a significant functional adaptation for a more efficient transfer of nutrients to the embryo/seed. Recalcitrance and some of the other character states proposed to be plesiomorphic in dicotyledons are also present in some gymnosperms, including presumed sister groups of the dicotyledons. In relatively advanced dicotyledonous families, mostly with orthodox seeds, recalcitrance probably persisted only in isolated relict members. Determination of character polarity is particularly problematic at lower taxonomic levels, because there is always the possibility that, in some taxa, a character state such as recalcitrance may have arisen secondarily as a reversal. Available evidence supports our view that seed recalcitrance can be regarded as a relatively ancestral character state in dicotyledons.

Keywords

carbohydratesendospermevolutionovulepachychalazaseedtaxonomyvascularization

Information

Type
Short Communication
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , June 1994 , pp. 225 - 239
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

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