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Linguistic Emancipation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

John Baugh
John Baugh*
Affiliation:
Washington University in St. Louis
*
[jbaugh@wustl.edu]
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Abstract

The term linguistic emancipation embraces various interpretations. One relates to occasions where linguists have helped people overcome problems that are attributable to various linguistic calamities. Another pertinent vector relates to methodological innovations that extricate linguistic research from methodological confinement and that embrace new technologies to help advance our collective scientific mission. These alternative perspectives are illustrated here in small measure through studies of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and gender modification in the speech of a trans woman. The legacy of inventive methodological advances in linguistics is celebrated by emphasizing some liberating linguistic research trajectories in which experimental, self-generated data and descriptive investigations of endangered and underrepresented languages or dialects stand side by side, serving a comprehensive linguistic science in which alternative analytical procedures abound in harmonious complementarity.

Keywords

AAVEsituational variabilityforensic linguisticsgender-affirming speech adaptationlinguistic justicemethodological innovation

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Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 99 , Issue 4 , December 2023 , pp. 809 - 843
Copyright
Copyright © 2023 Linguistic Society of America

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Footnotes

*The research presented in this article has been funded through the generous support of the Ford Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Justice, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the United States Department of State, and the Rockefeller Foundation. Evidence derived from the assorted research projects and legal cases described here were included as part of my 2023 presidential address at the annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, which can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVDljYiELPg, and which contains biographical details not included here. The oral presentation acknowledges three of my mentors, Erving Goffman, Dell Hymes, and William Labov, who supervised my doctoral dissertation. The evidence pertaining to suffix /-s/ variation in this paper is a product of their collective mentorship. Goffman helped to emphasize the importance of situational foci, while Hymes reaffirmed the potential significance of the criteria contained in the ethnography of speaking for linguistic variability. Marilyn Merritt, who also studied with these scholars, taught the first linguistics course that I took as an undergraduate. She and Ralph Fasold encouraged me to reach out to William Labov, and I cannot overstate the importance of his vast, consistent, and sustained supportive contributions at every stage of my career. He devoted countless hours to guiding me and offering sage advice on matters that included and exceeded the field of linguistics. My personal and intellectual debt to him is outsized, and he alone took direct action to support my academic training and career, actions that changed and uplifted the professional trajectory of my life and for which I remain eternally grateful.

I also had the good fortune to enter graduate school at the University of Pennsylvania with a remarkable cohort of new graduate students, including Mark Baltin, Gregory Guy, Martha Pennington, John Rickford, and Ivan Sag. Gregory Guy deserves special recognition for teaching me how to perform computerized statistical analyses with variable rules; had it not been for his selfless guidance I would not have completed my dissertation. John Rickford also warrants singular acclamation because he and I share research interests and were colleagues and friends of long standing at Stanford University. Readers who know Professor Rickford will appreciate that he is exceedingly gracious, brilliant, and tireless and has been an exceptional leader in linguistics and African and African American studies. Beyond cherished mentors and peers, my career has been graced with the opportunity to teach many exceptional graduate students, and I have learned more from them than I have taught them, including H. Samy Alim, Arnetha Ball, Renée Blake, Becky Brown, Tracy Conner, Kathleen Ferrara, Letticia Galindo, deandre miles-hercules, Jamaal Muwwakkil, Walter Pitts, Angela Rickford, and Keith Walters, with apologies to the many wonderful students who I have learned from that are not mentioned here. I would also like to recognize and thank Dennis and Carol Preston, Tom Purnell, William Idsardi, Stephen Anderson, Guy Bailey, Donna Christian, Katie Crowder, Patricia Cukor-Avila, Laurence Horn, Miklós Kontra, Sonja Lanehart, John McCarthy, Salikoko Mufwene, Donna Jo Napoli, Gillian Sankoff, Roger Shuy, Sali Tagliamonte, Deborah Tannen, Peter Trudgill, Tracey Weldon, Walt Wolfram, and Kelly Wright.

John Beavers, Shelome Gooden, Patricia Cukor-Avila, and Lisa Green offered encouragement and many tremendously helpful editorial suggestions that greatly improved upon earlier versions of this paper. Their kind yet firm recommendations have saved me considerable embarrassment, for which I am exceedingly grateful. History will note that my LSA presidency coincided with the tail end of the global pandemic and a leadership transition that provided me with an opportunity to work closely with the marvelous, devoted professionals who previously and presently guide the Society, including Alyson Reed, David Robinson, Katha Kissman, Vy Le, and Dr. Margaret Vitullo. Throughout my life my loving parents, Dr. Barbara Baugh and Dr. John (Jack) Gordon Baugh, have opened doors and provided numerous benefits to me and my siblings, Kevin and Cheryl, that very few slave descendants have been able to accrue. My children, Chenoa, John, and Ariél, now adults, have each contributed greatly to linguistic insights and details that would have escaped my attention but for their advice and suggestions throughout their lives. Everyone mentioned in this acknowledgment has my abiding thanks and appreciation; however, all limitations contained within this article are my responsibility alone.

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