Hostname: page-component-857557d7f7-bkbbk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-11-25T00:54:42.633Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nutritional modifications and fermentation characteristics in wet brewers grain ensiled with maize or sorghum grains

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2025

Natália Nunes de Melo
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Matheus Wilson Silva Cordeiro
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Thiago Fernandes Bernardes*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
*
Corresponding author: Thiago Fernandes Bernardes; Email: thiagobernardes@ufla.br

Abstract

The goal of this study was to assess starch degradability, protein fractionation and fermentation profile of wet brewers grain (WBG) ensiled with maize or sorghum grains. Two treatments were prepared: maize + WBG, maize rehydrated with WBG; and sorghum + WBG, sorghum rehydrated with WBG, with 10 replications per treatment, adjusted to 55% dry matter (DM). Data were analysed in a completely randomised design using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Losses and pH were lower in maize + WBG; however, it also presented higher lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, moulds and lactic acid (P < 0.001). Acetic acid did not differ, but propionic acid was lower in maize + WBG. The DM and EE were higher in maize + WBG, whereas ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and crude protein were lower in this treatment. Starch concentration was similar, however with higher degradability in maize + WBG. The A1, A2 and C protein fractions were higher for maize + WBG, while B1 and B2 were lower. Overall, WBG ensiled with maize showed higher A1 (ammonia) and A2 (soluble protein) protein fractions and higher starch degradability compared with sorghum silages rehydrated with WBG.

Information

Type
Animal Research Paper
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Agarussi, MCN, Pereira, OG, Pimentel, FE, Azevedo, CF, da Silva, VP and Silva, FF (2022). Microbiome of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silages treated with microbial inoculants in different fermentation periods. Scientific Reports 12, 117. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21461-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th Edn. Washington, DC: AOAC.Google Scholar
Arcari, MA, Martins, CMMR, Tomazi, T, Gonçalves, JL and Santos, MV (2016). Effect of substituting dry corn with rehydrated ensiled corn on dairy cow milk yield and nutrient digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 221, 167173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumont, R, Arrigo, Y and Niderkorn, V (2011). Transformation des plantes au cours de leur conservation et conséquences sur leur valeur pour les ruminants. Fourrages 205, 3546.Google Scholar
Belton, PS, Delgadillo, I, Halford, NG and Shewry, PR (2006). Kafirin structure and functionality. Journal of Cereal Science 44, 272286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2006.05.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardes, TF, Gervásio, JRS, De Morais, G and Casagrande, DR (2019). Technical note: A comparison of methods to determine pH in silages. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 90399042. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borreani, G, Tabacco, E, Schmidt, RJ, Holmes, BJ and Muck, RE (2018). Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 39523979. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bueno, AVI, Lazzari, G, Jobim, CC and Daniel, JLP (2020). Ensiling total mixed ration for ruminants: A review. Agronomy 10, 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castro, LP, Pereira, MN, Dias, JDL, Lage, DVD, Barbosa, EF, Melo, RP, Ferreira, K, Carvalho, JTR, Cardoso, FF and Pereira, RAN (2019). Lactation performance of dairy cows fed rehydrated and ensiled corn grain differing in particle size and proportion in the diet. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 98579869. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desta, ST, Yuan, XJ, Li, J and Shao, T (2016). Ensiling characteristics, structural and nonstructural carbohydrate composition and enzymatic digestibility of Napier grass ensiled with additives. Bioresource Technology 221, 447454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Detmann, E, Silva, LFC, Rocha, GC, Palma, MNN and Rodrigues, JPP (2021). Methods for Feed Analysis, 2nd Edn. Viçosa: Suprema.Google Scholar
Duodu, KG, Taylor, JRN, Belton, PS and Hamaker, BR (2003). Factors affecting sorghum protein digestibility. Journal of Cereal Science 38, 117131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-5210(03)00016-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandes, T, da Silva, KT, Carvalho, BF, Schwan, RF, Pereira, RAN, Pereira, MN, and Ávila, CLS (2022). Effect of amylases and storage length on losses, nutritional value, fermentation, and microbiology of silages of corn and sorghum kernels. Animal Feed Science and Technology 285, 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferraretto, LF, Fernandes, T, Silva Filho, WI, Sultana, H and Moriel, P (2018a). Dry matter loss, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of wet brewers grains ensiled with various amounts of dry ground corn. Professional Animal Scientist 34, 642648. https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2018-01761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferraretto, LF, Fredin, SM and Shaver, RD (2015). Influence of ensiling, exogenous protease addition, and bacterial inoculation on fermentation profile, nitrogen fractions, and ruminal in vitro starch digestibility in rehydrated and high-moisture corn. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 73187327. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferraretto, LF, Silva Filho, WI, Fernandes, T, Kim, DH and Sultana, H (2018b). Effect of ensiling time on fermentation profile and ruminal in vitro starch digestibility in rehydrated corn with or without varied concentrations of wet brewers grains. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 46434649. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gholizadeh, H, Naserian, AA, Yari, M, Jonker, A and Yu, P (2021). Crude protein fractionation, in situ ruminal degradability and FTIR protein molecular structures of different cultivars within barley, corn and sorghum cereal grains. Animal Feed Science and Technology 275, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomes, AL, Bueno, AV, Jacovaci, FA, Donadel, G, Ferraretto, LF, Nussio, LG, Jobim, CC and Daniel, JL (2020). Effects of processing, moisture, and storage length on the fermentation profile, particle size, and ruminal disappearance of reconstituted corn grain. Journal of Animal Science 98, 19. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gusmão, JO, Lima, LM, Ferraretto, LF, Casagrande, DR and Bernardes, TF (2021). Effects of hybrid and maturity on the conservation and nutritive value of snaplage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 274, 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, MB, Arbaugh, J, Binkerd, K, Carlson, A, Thi Doan, T, Grant, T, Heuer, C, Inerowicz, HD, Jean-Louis, B, Johnson, R, Jordan, J, Kondratko, D, Maciel, E, McCallum, K, Meyer, D, Odijk, CA, Parganlija-Ramic, A, Potts, T, Ruiz, L, Snodgrass, S, Taysom, D, Trupia, S, Steinlicht, B and Welch, D (2015). Determination of dietary starch in animal feeds and pet food by an enzymatic-colorimetric method: Collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International 98, 397409. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.15-012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmon, DD and Phipps, KP (2022). Invited review: Rise of craft breweries in the southeastern USA increases supplement availability for beef cattle. Applied Animal Science 38, 540550. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2022-02315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinzen, C, Agarussi, MCN, Diepersloot, EC and Ferraretto, LF (2022). Effects of microbial inoculation on dry matter losses, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of wet brewers grain stored with increasing concentrations of dry ground corn. Animal Feed Science and Technology 286, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, WA and Morrison, FB (1915). Feeds and Feeding, 15th Edn. Madison, WI: The Henry-Morrison Company.10.5962/bhl.title.49647CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrera-Saldana, RE, Huber, JT and Poore, MH (1990). Dry matter, crude protein, and starch degradability of five cereal grains. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 23862393. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78922-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, PC, Esser, NM, Shaver, RD, Coblentz, WK, Scott, MP, Bodnar, AL, Schmidt, RJ and Charley, RC (2011). Influence of ensiling time and inoculation on alteration of the starch-protein matrix in high-moisture corn. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 24652474. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johns, CO and Brewster, JF (1916). Kafirin, an alcohol-soluble protein from kafir, andropogon sorghum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 28, 5965. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86843-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnamoorthy, U, Muscato, TV, Sniffen, CJ and Van Soest, PJ (1982). Nitrogen fractions in selected feedstuffs. Journal of Dairy Science 65, 217225. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82180-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kung, L, Robinson, JR, Ranjit, NK, Chen, JH, Golt, CM and Pesek, JD (2000). Microbial populations, fermentation end-products, and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with ammonia or a propionic acid-based preservative. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 14791486. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75020-X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kung, L, Shaver, RD, Grant, RJ and Schmidt, RJ (2018). Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 40204033. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kung, LJ, Stokes, MR, Maine, O and Lin, CJ (2003). Silage additives. In: Buxton, DR, Muck, RE and Harrison, JH (eds.), Silage Science and Technology, Agronomy Monograph 42. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, pp. 305360. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr42.c7.Google Scholar
Licitra, G, Hernandez, TM and Van Soest, PJ (1996). Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 57, 347358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00837-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins, SIFS, Jongen, WMF and Van Boekel, MAJS (2000). A review of Maillard reaction in food and implications to kinetic modelling. Trends in Food Science & Technology 11, 364373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00022-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, TA, Phillippe, RC, Rode, LM and Cheng, KJ (1993). Effect of the protein matrix on the digestion of cereal grains by ruminal microorganisms. Journal of Animal Science 71, 205212. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.711205x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mertens, DR, Allen, M, Main, D and Thiex, NJ (2002). Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beakers or crucibles: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International 85, 12171240. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.6.1217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meschy, F, Baumont, R, Dulphy, JP and Nozières, MO (2005). Effet du mode de conservation sur la composition em éléments minéraux majeurs des fourrages (Effect of conservation on the major mineral concentration of forages). Rencontres Recherches Ruminants 12, 116.Google Scholar
Mohamed, HI, Fawzi, EM, Basit, A, Kaleemullah, Lone R and Sofy, MR (2022). Sorghum: nutritional factors, bioactive compounds, pharmaceutical and application in food systems: A review. Phyton – International Journal of Experimental Botany 91, 13031325. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2022.020642.Google Scholar
Morrison, IM (1979). Changes in the cell wall components of laboratory silages and the effect of various additives on these changes. Journal of Agricultural Science 93, 581586. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600038983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muck, RE, Nadeau, EMG, McAllister, TA, Contreras-Govea, FE, Santos, MC and Kung, L (2018). Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 39804000. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2021). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th rev. Edn. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Owens, FN, Secrist, DS, Hill, WJ and Gill, DR (1997). The effect of grain source and grain processing on performance of feedlot cattle: A review. Journal of Animal Science 75, 868879. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.753868x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pahlow, G, Muck, RE, Driehuis, F, Elferink, SJWHO and Spoelstra, SF (2003). Microbiology of ensiling. In Buxton, DR, Muck, RE and Harrison, JH (eds.), Silage Science and Technology, Agronomy Monograph 42. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, pp. 3193.Google Scholar
Rooney, LW and Pflugfelder, RL (1986). Factors affecting starch digestibility with special emphasis on sorghum and corn. Journal of Animal Science 63, 16071623. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.6351607x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roseira, JPS, Pereira, OG, da Silveira, TC, da Silva, VP, Alves, WS, Agarussi, MCN and Ribeiro, KG (2023). Effects of exogenous protease addition on fermentation and nutritive value of rehydrated corn and sorghum grains silages. Scientific Reports 13, 19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34595-w.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rooke, JA and Hatfield, RD (2003). Biochemistry of ensiling. In Buxton, DR, Muck, RE and Harrison, JH (eds.), Silage Science and Technology. Agronomy Monograph 42. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, pp. 95139. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr42.c3.Google Scholar
Saylor, BA, Casale, F, Sultana, H, and Ferraretto, LF (2020). Effect of microbial inoculation and particle size on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and ruminal in situ starch degradation of high-moisture corn ensiled for a short period. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 379395. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16831.31629529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saylor, BA, Diepersloot, EC, Heinzen, C, McCary, CL, and Ferraretto, LF (2021). Effect of kernel breakage on the fermentation profile, nitrogen fractions, and in vitro starch digestibility of whole-plant corn silage and ensiled corn grain. JDS Communications 2, 191195. https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2021-0093.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, A Jr, Carvalho, LG, Silva, FF and Alves, MC (2012). Application of the Köppen classification for climatic zoning in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 108, 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0507-8.Google Scholar
Schwab, CG and Broderick, GA (2017). A 100-year review: Protein and amino acid nutrition in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 1009410112. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, BC, Pacheco, MVC, Godoi, LA, Alhadas, HM, Pereira, JMV, Rennó, LN, Detmann, E, Paulino, PVR, Schoonmaker, JP and Valadares Filho, SDC (2020). Reconstituted and ensiled corn or sorghum grain: Impacts on dietary nitrogen fractions, intake, and digestion sites in young Nellore bulls. PLoS One 15, 117. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabacco, E, Piano, S, Cavallarin, L, Bernardes, TF and Borreani, G (2009). Clostridia spore formation during aerobic deterioration of maize and sorghum silages as influenced by Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum inoculants. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107, 16321641. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04344.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Amburgh, ME, Collao-Saenz, EA, Higgs, RJ, Ross, DA, Recktenwald, EB, Raffrenato, E, Chase, LE, Overton, TR, Mills, JK and Foskolos, A (2015). The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System: Updates to the model and evaluation of version 6.5. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 63616380. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Boekel, MAJS (2001). Kinetic aspects of the Maillard reaction: A critical review. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 45, 150159. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3803(20010601)45:3<150::AID-FOOD150>3.0.CO;2-9Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, B, Luo, Y, Myung, KH and Liu, JX (2014). Effects of storage duration and temperature on the chemical composition, microorganism density, and in vitro rumen fermentation of wet brewers grains. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 27, 832840. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westendorf, ML and Wohlt, JE (2002). Brewing by-products: Their use as animal feeds. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 18, 233252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00016-6.Google ScholarPubMed
Woolford, MK (1975). Microbiological screening of food preservatives, cold sterilants and specific antimicrobial agents as potential silage additives. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 26, 229237. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740260214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wróbel, B, Nowak, J, Fabiszewska, A, Paszkiewicz-Jasińska, A and Przystupa, W (2023). Dry matter losses in silages resulting from epiphytic microbiota activity—A comprehensive study. Agronomy 13, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiong, Y, Zhang, P, Warner, RD and Fang, Z (2019). Sorghum grain: From genotype, nutrition, and phenolic profile to its health benefits and food applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 18, 20252046. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yahaya, MS, Kawai, M, Takahashi, J and Matsuoka, S (2002). The effect of different moisture contents at ensiling on silo degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of orchardgrass. Animal Feed Science and Technology 101, 127133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(02)00080-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, KM, Lim, JM, Der Bedrosian, MC and Kung, L (2012). Effect of exogenous protease enzymes on the fermentation and nutritive value of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 66876694. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, P, Huber, JT, Santos, FAP, Simas, JM and Theurer, CB (1998). Effects of ground, steam-flaked, and steam-rolled corn grains on performance of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 777783. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75634-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, J, Dong, Z, Li, J, Chen, L, Bai, Y, Jia, Y and Shao, T (2018). Ensiling as pretreatment of rice straw: The effect of hemicellulase and Lactobacillus plantarum on hemicellulose degradation and cellulose conversion. Bioresource Technology 266, 158165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed