Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-frp75 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-31T08:33:09.470Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A typology of interpartner conflict and maternal parenting practices in high-risk families: Examining spillover and compensatory models and implications for child adjustment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2014

Melissa L. Sturge-Apple ,
Patrick T. Davies ,
Dante Cicchetti  and
Michael G. Fittoria
Melissa L. Sturge-Apple*
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Mt. Hope Family Center
Patrick T. Davies
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Mt. Hope Family Center
Dante Cicchetti
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development
Michael G. Fittoria
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Melissa Sturge-Apple, Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627; E-mail: melissa.sturge-apple@rochester.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The present study incorporates a person-based approach to identify spillover and compartmentalization patterns of interpartner conflict and maternal parenting practices in an ethnically diverse sample of 192 2-year-old children and their mothers who had experienced higher levels of socioeconomic risk. In addition, we tested whether sociocontextual variables were differentially predictive of theses profiles and examined how interpartner-parenting profiles were associated with children's physiological and psychological adjustment over time. As expected, latent class analyses extracted three primary profiles of functioning: adequate functioning, spillover, and compartmentalizing families. Furthermore, interpartner-parenting profiles were differentially associated with both sociocontextual predictors and children's adjustment trajectories. The findings highlight the developmental utility of incorporating person-based approaches to models of interpartner conflict and maternal parenting practices.

Information

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 26 , Issue 4pt1 , November 2014 , pp. 983 - 998
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Ackerman, B., Kogos, J., Youngstrom, E., Schoff, K., & Izard, C. (1999). Family instability and the problem behaviors of children from economically disadvantaged families. Developmental Psychology, 35, 258–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adam, E., Sutton, J., Doane, L., & Mineka, S. (2008). Incorporating hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis measures into preventive interventions for adolescent depression: Are we there yet? Developmental Psychopathology, 20, 975–1001. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000461 Google Scholar
Amato, P. R., Booth, A., Johnson, D. R., & Rogers, S. J. (2007). Alone together: How marriage in America is changing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Badanes, L., Watamura, S., & Hankin, B. (2011). Hypocortisolism as a potential marker of allostatic load in children: Associations with family risk and internalizing disorders. Developmental Psychopathology, 23, 881–896. doi:10.1017/S095457941100037X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, J., Schermerhorn, A., & Petersen, I. (2012). Temperament and family processes. In Zentner, M. & Shiner, R. (Eds.), Handbook of temperament (pp. 425–441). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bavolek, S. (1984). Adult–Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI). Park City, UT: Family Development Resources.Google Scholar
Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96. doi:10.2307/1129836 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J., & Fearon, R. (2004). Exploring marriage–parenting typologies and their contextual antecedents and developmental sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 501–523. doi:10.1017/S095457940400464X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J., & Rovine, M. (1990). Patterns of marital change across the transition to parenthood: Pregnancy to three years postpartum. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 5–19. doi:10.2307/352833 Google Scholar
Blair, C., Raver, C., Granger, D., Mills-Koonce, R., Hibel, L., & the Family Life Project Key Investigators (2011). Allostasis and allostatic load in the context of poverty in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 845–857. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000344 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braungart-Rieker, J., Garwood, M., & Stifter, C. (1997). Compliance and noncompliance: The roles of maternal control and child temperament. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 18, 411–428. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(97)80008-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buehler, C., Anthony, C., Krishnakumar, A., & Stone, G. (1997). Interparental conflict and youth problem behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 6, 223–247. doi:10.1023/A:1025006909538 Google Scholar
Buss, K., Davis, E., & Kiel, E. (2011). Allostatic and environmental load in toddlers predicts anxiety in preschool and kindergarten. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 1069–1087. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000502 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casanueva, C., Martin, S., Runyan, D., Barth, R., & Bradley, R. (2008). Parenting services for mothers involved with child protective services: Do they change maternal parenting and spanking behaviors with young children? Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 861–878. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.12.013 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1989). Issues in the clinical application of temperament. In Kohnstamm, G. A., Bates, J. E., & Rothbart, M. K. (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 377–403). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2002). The impact of social experience on neurobiological systems: Illustration from a constructivist view of child maltreatment. Cognitive Development, 17, 1407–1428. doi:10.1016/S0885-2014(02)00121-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2011). Allostatic load. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 723–724. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000277 Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences of children's development. Psychiatry, 56, 96–118.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. (2001a). Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 677–693. doi:10.1017/S0954579401003145 Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. (2001b). The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 783–804.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F., Toth, S., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2011). Normalizing the development of cortisol regulation in maltreated infants through preventative interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 789–800. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000307 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1997). Transactional ecological systems in developmental psychopathology. In Luthar, S. S., Burack, J. A., Cicchetti, D., & Weisz, J. R. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (pp. 317–349). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. (1998). The development of depression in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 53, 221–241. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.221 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clayton, O., Mincy, R. B., & Blankenhorn, D. (Eds.). (2003). Black fathers in contemporary American society. New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Cohan, C., & Bradbury, T. (1997). Negative life events, marital interactions, and the longitudinal course of newlywed marriage. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 114–128. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.114 Google Scholar
Compton, W., & Cottler, L. (2004). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). In Hilsenroth, M. & Segal, D. L. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment (Vol. 2, pp. 153–162). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Conger, R. D., & Conger, K. J. (2002). Resilience in Midwestern families: Selected findings from the decade of prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 361–373. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00361.x Google Scholar
Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 179–193. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.179 Google Scholar
Cooley, M. R., Turner, S. M., & Beidel, D. C. (1995). Assessing community violence: The children's report of exposure to violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 201–208. doi:10.1097/00004583-199502000-00015 Google Scholar
Crockenberg, S., & Langrock, A. (2001). The role of emotion and emotional regulation in children's responses to interparental conflict. In Grych, J. H. & Fincham, F. D. (Eds.), Interparnetal conflict and child development: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 129–156). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crockenberg, S., & Leerkes, F. (2003). Infant negative emotionality, caregiving, and family relationships. In Crouter, A. C. & Booth, A. (Eds.), Children's influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships (pp. 57–78). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Crouter, A., & Booth, A. (2003). Children's influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2010). Marital conflict and children: An emotional security perspective. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cummings, E. M., Keller, P. S., & Davies, P. T. (2005). Towards a family process model of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms: Exploring multiple relations with child and family functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 479–489. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00368.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dakin, J., & Wampler, R. (2008). Money doesn't buy happiness, but it helps: Marital satisfaction, psychological distress, and demographic differences between low- and middle-income clinic couples. American Journal of Family Therapy, 36, 300–311. doi:10.1080/01926180701647512 Google Scholar
Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., Hentges, R. F., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (in press). The genetic precursors and the advantageous and disadvantageous sequelae of inhibited temperament: An evolutionary perspective. Developmental Psychology.Google Scholar
Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., & Martin, M. J. (2012). Toward greater specificity in identifying associations among interparental aggression, child emotional reactivity to conflict, and child problems. Child Development, 83, 1789–1804. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01804.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, P. T., Cummings, E. M., & Winter, M. (2004). Pathways between profiles of family functioning, child security in the interparental subsystem, and child psychological problems. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 525–550. doi:10.1017/S0954579404004651 Google Scholar
Davies, P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (2007). The role of child adrenocorticol functioning in pathways between interparental conflict and child maladjustment. Developmental Psychology, 43, 918–930. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.918 Google Scholar
Duncan, G., & Magnuson, K. A. (2002). Economics and parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 437–450. doi:10.1207/S15327922PAR0204_05 Google Scholar
Du Rocher Schudlich, T. D., & Cummings, E. M. (2003). Parental dysphoria and children's internalizing symptoms: Marital conflict styles as mediators of risk. Child Development, 74, 1663–1681. doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00630.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Easterbrooks, M., & Emde, R. (1988). Marital and parent–child relationships: The role of affect in the family system. In Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (Eds.), Relationships within families: Mutual influence (pp. 83–103). Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
El-Sheikh, M., Cummings, E. M., Kouros, C., Elmore-Staton, L., & Buckhalt, J. (2008). Marital psychological and physical aggression and children's mental and physical health: Direct, mediated, and moderated effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 138–148. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.138 Google Scholar
Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent–child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 108–132. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.108 Google Scholar
Falke, S. I., & Larson, J. H. (2007). Premarital predictors of remarital quality: Implications for clinicians. Contemporary Family Therapy, 29, 9–23. doi:10.1007/s10591-007-9024-4 Google Scholar
Feinberg, M. E. (2003). The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: A framework for research and intervention. Parenting: Science and Practice, 3, 95–131. doi:10.1207/S15327922PAR0302_01 Google Scholar
Fisher, P. A., Stoolmiller, M., Gunnar, M. R., & Burraston, B. O. (2007). Effects of a therapeutic intervention for foster preschoolers on diurnal cortisol activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 892–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.008 Google Scholar
Forman, E., & Davies, P. (2003). Family instability and young adolescent maladjustment: The mediating effects of parenting quality and adolescent appraisals of family security. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 94–105. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3201_09 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, N., Henderson, H., Rubin, K., Calkins, S., & Schmidt, L. (2001). Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: Psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 1–21. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00262 Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. R., & Kinney, C. T. (2001). Marriage delayed or marriage forgone? New cohort forecasts of first marriage for U.S. women. American Sociological Review, 66, 506–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458–490. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.45 Google Scholar
Granger, D., Serbin, L., Schwartzman, A., Lehoux, P., Cooperman, J., & Ikeda, S. (1998). Children's salivary cortisol, internalizing behavior problems, and family environment: Results from the concordia longitudinal risk project. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22, 707–728. doi:10.1080/016502598384135 Google Scholar
Grych, J. (2002). Marital relationships and parenting. In Bornstein, M (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4. Social conditions and applied parenting (2nd ed., pp. 203–225). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gunnar, M., & Vazquez, D. (2001). Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 515–538. doi:10.1017/S0954579401003066 Google Scholar
Gunnar, M., & Vazquez, D. (2006). Stress neurobiology and developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Developmental neuroscience (pp. 533–577). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hagenaars, J. A., & McCutcheon, A. L. (2002). Applied latent class analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heim, C., Newport, D., Heit, S, Graham, Y., Wilcox, M., Bonsall, R., et al. (2000). Pituitary–adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 592–597. doi:10.1001/jama.284.5.592 Google Scholar
Heinrichs, N., Cronrath, A. L., Degen, M., & Snyder, D. K. (2010). The link between child emotional and behavioral problems and couple functioning. Family Science, 1, 152–172. doi:10.1080/19424620.2010.569366 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, D., Tolan, P., & Gorman-Smith, D. (2005). Cluster analysis in family psychology research. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 121–132. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.1.121 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, N. E. (1995). The relationship between family environment and parenting style: A preliminary study of African-American families. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 408–423.Google Scholar
Hoff, E., Laursen, B., & Tardif, T. (2002). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting (2nd ed., pp. 231–252). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hoffman, L. (2002). Review of family therapy: An intimate history. Journal of Marriage and Family Counseling, 28, 496–497.Google Scholar
Hofstra, M., van Der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. (2001). Adolescents' self-reported problems as predictors of psychopathology in adulthood: 10-year follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 203–209. doi:10.1192/bjp.179.3.203 Google Scholar
Hollingshead, A. D. B. (1975). Four Factor Index of Social Status (pp. 1–24). Unpublished manuscript. New Haven, CT: Yale University, Department of Sociology.Google Scholar
Kagan, J., & Reznick, J., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58, 1459–1473. doi:10.2307/1130685 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, L., & Gottman, J. (1993). Patterns of marital conflict predict children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 29, 940–950. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.6.940 Google Scholar
Kerig, P. (1996). Assessing the links between interparental conflict and child adjustment: The conflicts and problem-solving scales. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 454–473. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.10.4.454 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiff, C., Lengua, L., & Zalewski, M. (2011). Nature and nurturing: Parenting in the context of child temperament. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 251–301. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0093-4 Google Scholar
Klimes-Dougan, B., Hastings, P., Granger, D., Usher, B., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2001). Adrenocortical activity in at-risk and normally developing adolescents: Individual differences in salivary cortisol basal levels, diurnal variation, and responses to social challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 695–719. doi:10.1017/S0954579401003157 Google Scholar
Krishnakumar, A., & Buehler, C. (2004). Interparental conflict and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Family Relations, 49, 25–44. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00025.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavee, Y., McCubbin, H., & Olson, D. (1987). The effect of stressful living events and transitions on family functioning and well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 857–873. doi:10.2307/351979 Google Scholar
Letourneau, N., Fedick, C., & Willms, J. (2007). Mothering and domestic violence: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 649–659. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9099-6 Google Scholar
Levendosky, A., Huth-Bocks, A., Shapiro, D., & Semel, M. (2003). The impact of domestic violence on the maternal–child relationship and preschool-age children's functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 275–287. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.3.275 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levendonsky, A., Leahy, K., Bogat, G., Davidson, W., & von Eye, A. (2006). Domestic violence, maternal parenting, maternal mental health, and infant externalizing behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 544–552. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.4.544 Google Scholar
Levy-Shiff, R. (1994). Individual and contextual correlates of marital change across the transition to parenthood. Developmental Psychology, 30, 591–601. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.4.591 Google Scholar
Lo, Y., Mendell, N., & Rubin, D. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88, 767–778.Google Scholar
Luster, T., Rhoades, K., & Haas, B. (1989). The relation between parental values and parenting behavior: A test of the Kohn hypothesis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 139–147. doi:10.2307/352375 Google Scholar
Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). An ecological–transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children's symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 235–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magnusson, D., & Bergman, L. R. (1988). Individual and variable-based approaches to longitudinal research on early risk factors. In Rutter, M. (Ed.), Studies of psychosocial risk (pp. 45–61). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mandara, J. (2003). The typological approach in child and family psychology: A review of theory, methods, and research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 129–146. doi:10.1023/A:1023734627624 Google Scholar
Mandara, J., & Murray, C. B. (2002). Development of an empirical typology of African American family functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 318–337. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.16.3.318 Google Scholar
Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 445–479. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.445 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Margolin, G., Gordis, E. B., & Oliver, P. H. (2004). Links between marital and parent–child interactions: Moderating role of husband-to-wife aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 753–771. doi:10.1017/S0954579404004766 Google Scholar
Margolin, G., & John, R., (1997). Children's exposure to marital aggression: Direct and mediated effects. In Kaufman, G. & Jasinski, J. (Eds.), Out of the darkness: Contemporary research perspectives on family violence (pp. 90–104). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Maughan, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children's emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development, 73, 1525–1542. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00488 Google Scholar
McBurnett, K., Lahey, B., Rathouz, P., & Loeber, R. (2000). Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 38–43. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.38 Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Costa, Jr. P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebíčková, M., Avia, M. D., et al. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173–186. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173 Google Scholar
McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 33–44.Google Scholar
McLoyd, V. C., Harper, C. I., & Copeland, N. L. (2001). Ethnic minority status, interparental conflict, and child adjustment. In Grych, J. H. & Fincham, F. D. (Eds.), Interparental conflict and child development: Theory, research, and application (pp. 98–125). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Melby, J., & Conger, R. D. (2001). The Iowa family interaction rating scales: Instrument summary. In Kerig, P. K. & Lindahl, K. M. (Eds.), Family observational coding systems: Resources for systemic research (pp. 33–58). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Melchior, M., Caspi, A., Milne, B., Danese, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. (2007). Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men. Psychology Medicine, 37, 1119–1129. doi:10.1017/S0033291707000414 Google Scholar
Muthén, B. (2004). Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In Kaplan, D. (Ed.), Handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 345–368). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.Google Scholar
Nagin, D. S. (2005). Group-based modeling of development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Pederson, N. L., Lichtenstein, P., Spotts, E. L., Hansson, K., et al. (2004). Genetic and environmental influences on mothering of adolescents: A comparison of two samples. Developmental Psychology, 40, 335–351. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.335 Google Scholar
Nylund, K., Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535–569. doi:10.1080/10705510701575396 Google Scholar
Owen, A., Kaslow, N., & Thompson, M. (2006). The mediating role of parenting stress in the relation between intimate partner violence and child adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 505–513. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.3.505 Google Scholar
Pajer, K., Gardner, W., Rubin, R., Perel, J., & Neal, S. (2001). Decreased cortisol levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 297–302. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.297 Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M., Stams, G., Hermanns, J., & Peetsma, T. (2007). Child negative emotionality and parenting from infancy to preschool: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology, 43, 438–453. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.438 Google Scholar
Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72, 583–598. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00298 Google Scholar
Putnam, S., & Stifter, C. (2005). Behavioral approach-inhibition in toddlers: Prediction from infancy, positive and negative affective components, and relations with behavior problems. Child Development, 76, 212–226. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00840.x Google Scholar
Repetti, R., Robles, T., & Reynolds, B. (2011). Allostatic processes in the family. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 921–938. doi:10.1017/S095457941100040X Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Cottler, L. B., Bucholz, K. K., Compton, W. M., North, C. S., & Rourke, K. (2000). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (DIS-IV). St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine.Google Scholar
Rogosch, F., Dackis, M., & Cicchetti, D. (2011). Child maltreatment and allostatic load: Consequences for physical and mental health in children from low-income families. Developmental and Psychopathology, 23, 1107–1124. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000587 Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2006). Temperament, attention, and developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 167–188). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Salimetrics, LLC. (2005). Expanded range (ER) HS-cortisol EIA kit. Unpublished manuscript. State College, PA: Author.Google Scholar
Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Brown, G. L., & Sokolowski, M. S. (2007). Goodness-of-fit in family context: Infant temperament, marital quality, and early coparenting behavior. Infant Behavior and Development, 30, 82–96. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.11.008 Google Scholar
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136 Google Scholar
Shirtcliff, E., Granger, D., Booth, A., & Johnson, D. (2005). Low salivary cortisol levels and externalizing behavior problems in youth. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 167. doi:10.1017/S0954579405050091 Google Scholar
Straus, M., Hamby, S., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 283–316. doi:10.1177/019251396017003001 Google Scholar
Sturge-Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., & Manning, L. G. (2010). Mother's parenting practices as explanatory mechanisms in associations between interparental aggression and child adjustment. Partner Abuse, 1, 45–60.Google Scholar
Sturge-Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., & Manning, L. G. (2012). Interparental violence, maternal emotional unavailability and children's cortisol functioning in family contexts. Developmental Psychology, 48, 237–249. doi:10.1037/a0025419 Google Scholar
Sturge-Apple, M., Davies, P., & Cummings, E. M. (2006a). Impact of hostility and withdrawal in interparental conflict on parental emotional unavailability and children's adjustment difficulties. Child Development, 77, 1623–1641. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00963.x Google Scholar
Sturge-Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (2006b). Hostility and withdrawal in marital conflict: Effects on parental emotional unavailability and inconsistent discipline. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 227–238.Google Scholar
Sturge-Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (2010). Typologies of family functioning: Implications for children's adjustment during the early school years. Child Development, 81, 1320–1335.Google Scholar
Sturge-Apple, M., Skibo, M., & Davies, P. (2012). Impact of parental conflict and emotional abuse on children and families. Partner Abuse, 3, 379–400. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.3.3.379 Google Scholar
Susman, E. J. (2006). Psychobiology of persistent antisocial behavior: Stress, early vulnerabilities, and the attenuation hypothesis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 376–389. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.08.002 Google Scholar
Susman, E. J., Dockray, S., Schiefelbein, V. L., Herwehe, S., Heaton, , & Dorn, L. D. (2007). Morningness/eveningness, morning-to-afternoon cortisol ratio, and antisocial behavior problems during puberty. Developmental Psychology, 43, 811–822. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.811 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarullo, A., & Gunnar, M. (2006). Child maltreatment and the developing HPA Axis. Hormones and Behavior, 50, 632–639. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.010 Google Scholar
Toth, S., Rogosch, F. A., Sturge-Apple, M., & Cicchetti, D. (2009). Maternal depression, children's attachment security, and representational development: An organizational perspective. Child Development, 80, 192–208. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01254.x Google Scholar
van den Akker, A. L., Dekovic, M., Prinzie, P., & Asscher, J. J. (2010). Toddlers' temperament profiles: Stability and relations to negative and positive parenting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 485–495. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9379-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaux, A., Riedel, S., & Stewart, D. (1987). Modes of social support: The social support behaviors (SS-B) scale. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 209–237. doi:10.1007/BF00919279 Google Scholar
Wadsworth, M. E., & Compas, B. E. (2002). Coping with family conflict and economic strain: The adolescent perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 243–274. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00033 Google Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C. (1990). Stress: A potential disruptor of parent perceptions and family interactions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 302–312. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1904_2 Google Scholar
Wilkinson, P., & Goodyer, I. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury. European Child & Developmental Psychiatry, 20, 103–108. doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0156-y Google Scholar