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Neurobiological adaptations to violence across development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 January 2010

Hilary K. Mead ,
Theodore P. Beauchaine  and
Katherine E. Shannon
Hilary K. Mead
Affiliation:
University of Washington
Theodore P. Beauchaine*
Affiliation:
University of Washington
Katherine E. Shannon
Affiliation:
University of Washington
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Theodore P. Beauchaine, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195-1525; E-mail: tbeaucha@u.washington.edu.
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Abstract

Developmental adaptations to violent environments involve a multitude of cascading effects spanning many levels of analysis from genes to behavior. In this review, we (a) examine the potentiating effects of violence on genetic vulnerabilities and the functioning of neurotransmitter systems in producing both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology; (b) describe implications of violence exposure for brain development, particularly within the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex; and (c) consider the effects of violence on developing human stress and startle responses. This review integrates literatures on the developmental effects of violence among rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Many neurobiological changes that are adaptive for survival in violent contexts become maladaptive in other environments, conferring life-long risk for psychopathology.

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Regular Articles
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Development and Psychopathology , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , February 2010 , pp. 1 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

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