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Influence of early life stress on later hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis functioning and its covariation with mental health symptoms: A study of the allostatic process from childhood into adolescence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2011

Marilyn J. Essex ,
Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff ,
Linnea R. Burk ,
Paula L. Ruttle ,
Marjorie H. Klein ,
Marcia J. Slattery ,
Ned H. Kalin  and
Jeffrey M. Armstrong
Marilyn J. Essex*
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff
Affiliation:
University of New Orleans
Linnea R. Burk
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin–Madison
Paula L. Ruttle
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Marjorie H. Klein
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Marcia J. Slattery
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Ned H. Kalin
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Jeffrey M. Armstrong
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Marilyn J. Essex, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719-1176; E-mail: mjessex@wisc.edu.
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Abstract

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a primary mechanism in the allostatic process through which early life stress (ELS) contributes to disease. Studies of the influence of ELS on children's HPA axis functioning have yielded inconsistent findings. To address this issue, the present study considers multiple types of ELS (maternal depression, paternal depression, and family expressed anger), mental health symptoms, and two components of HPA functioning (traitlike and epoch-specific activity) in a long-term prospective community study of 357 children. ELS was assessed during the infancy and preschool periods; mental health symptoms and cortisol were assessed at child ages 9, 11, 13, and 15 years. A three-level hierarchical linear model addressed questions regarding the influences of ELS on HPA functioning and its covariation with mental health symptoms. ELS influenced traitlike cortisol level and slope, with both hyper- and hypoarousal evident depending on type of ELS. Further, type(s) of ELS influenced covariation of epoch-specific HPA functioning and mental health symptoms, with a tighter coupling of HPA alterations with symptom severity among children exposed previously to ELS. Results highlight the importance of examining multiple types of ELS and dynamic HPA functioning in order to capture the allostatic process unfolding across the transition into adolescence.

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Articles
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Development and Psychopathology , Volume 23 , Issue 4: Allostatic Load: Part 2 , November 2011 , pp. 1039 - 1058
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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