Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-c8zdz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T01:13:03.026Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

How Knowledge of Regional Brain Dysfunction in Depression Will Enable New Somatic Treatments in the Next Millennium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Mark S. George ,
Ziad Nahas ,
Mikhail Lomarov ,
Daryl E. Bohning  and
Charles Kellner
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

New knowledge about the specific brain regions involved in depression is rapidly evolving due to advances in functional neuroimaging techniques. Several new regionally specific somatic interventions build on this modern neuroanatomic information. These latest methods promise to revolutionize the understanding and treatment of depression. This article reviews the past and current use of these techniques, with an eye toward where they are heading in the next century.

Information

Type
Feature Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 4 , Issue 7: Depression at the Millennium: Time for a Biological Understanding , July 1999 , pp. 53 - 61
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

1.George, MS, Trimble, MR. The changing 19th-century view of epilepsy as reflected in the West Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Reports, 1871-1876, vols 1-6. Neurology. 1992;42:246–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Temkin, O. The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modem Neurology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press; 1945.Google Scholar
3.Engel, J, Pedly, TA. Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1997.Google Scholar
4.Lorberbaum, JP, Bohning, DE, Shastri, A, Nahas, Z, George, MS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for the psychiatrist. Primary Psychiatry. 1998;5:60–66.Google Scholar
5.Nahas, Z, George, MS, Lorberbaum, JP, Risch, SC, Spicer, KM. SPECT and PET in neuropsychiatry. Primary Psychiatry. 1998;5:52–59.Google Scholar
6.George, MS, Ketter, TA, Post, RM. What functional imaging studies have revealed about the brain basis of mood and emotion. In: Panksepp, J, ed. Advances in Biological Psychiatry. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press; 1996:63–113.Google Scholar
7.Ketter, TA, George, MS, Kimbrell, TA, Benson, BE, Post, RM. Functional brain imaging, limbic function, and affective disorders. Neuroscientist. 1996;2:55–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Ketter, TA, George, MS, Kimbrell, TA, Benson, BA, Post, RM. Functional brain imaging in mood and anxiety disorders. Current Rev Mood Anxiety Disord. 1997;1:96–112.Google Scholar
9.Sackeim, HA. Emotion, disorders of mood, and hemispheric functional specialization. In: Carroll, BJ, Barrett, JE, eds. Psychopathology and the Brain. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1991:209–242.Google Scholar
10.Dolan, RJ, Bench, CJ, Liddle, PF, et al.Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction in the major psychoses; symptom or disease specificity? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:1290–1294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Drevets, WC, Videen, TO, Preskorn, SH, Price, JL, Carmichael, ST, Raichle, ME. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J Neurosci. 1992;12:3628–3641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Coffey, CE, Figiel, GS, Djang, WT, Cress, M, Saunders, WB, Weiner, RD. Leukoencephalopathy in elderly depressed patients referred for ECT. Biol Psychiatry. 1988;24:143–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Ketter, TA, George, MS, Andreason, PJ, et al. CMRglu in unipolar versus bipolar depression. Abstract presented during the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, 1994.Google Scholar
14.Ebert, D, Feistel, H, Barocka, A, Kaschka, W. Increased limbic flow and total sleep deprivation in major depression with melancholia. Psychiatry Res. 1994;55:101–109.Google ScholarPubMed
15.Ebert, D, Feistel, H, Barocka, A. Effects of sleep deprivation on the limbic system and the frontal lobes in affective disorders: a study with Tc-99m-HMPAO SPECT. Psychiatry Res. 1991;40:247–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Wu, JC, Bunney, WE. The biological basis of an antidepressant response to sleep deprivation and relapse: review and hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:14–21.Google ScholarPubMed
17.Mayberg, HS, Brannan, SK, Mahurin, RK, et al.Cingulate function in depression: a potential predictor of treatment response. Neuroreport. 1997;8:1057–1061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Nobler, MS, Sackeim, HA, Prohovnik, I, et al.Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders, III. Treatment and clinical response. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:884–897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Nobler, MS, Teneback, CC, Nahas, Z, et al.Structural and functional neuroimaging of ECT and TMS. Progress Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1999. In press.Google Scholar
20.Teneback, C, Nahas, Z, Speer, AM, et al.Baseline paralimbic activity declines with depression severity and is associated with rTMS response [abstract]. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:1325. Abstract 428.Google Scholar
21.Bremner, JD, Innis, RB, Salomon, RM, et al.PET measurement of cerebral metabolic correlates of depressive relapse. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:364–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Marangell, LB, George, MS, Callahan, AM, et al.Effects of intrathecal thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in refractory depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:214–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Duchenne, GBA. De l'electrisation Localisee et Son Application a la Pathologie et a la Therapeutique. Paris, France: JB Bailliere et fils; 1855.Google Scholar
24.Duchenne, GBA. Note sur l'Influence de la Respiration Artificielle par la Faradisation des Nerfs Phreniques dans l'Intoxication par la Chloroforme. Paris, France: Union Medicale; 1855.Google Scholar
25.Leduc, S. Production de sommeil et de l'anesthesie generale et locale par les courants electriques. CR Acad Sci. 1902;135:199.Google Scholar
26.Wilson, OB, Hamilton, RF, Warner, RL, et al.The influence of electrical variables on analgesia produced by low current transcranial electrostimulation of rats. Anesth Analg. 1989;68:673–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Malin, DH, Lake, JR, Hamlton, RF, Skolnick, MH. Augmented analgesic effects of enkephalinase inhibitors combined with transcranial electrostimulation. Life Sci. 1989;44:1371–1376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Krupitsky, EM, Burakov, AM, Karandashova, GF, et al.The administration of transcranial electric treatment for affective disturbances therapy in alcoholic patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1991;27:1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Padjen, AL, Dongier, M, Malec, T. Effects of cerebral electrical stimulation on alcoholism: a pilot study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995;19:1004–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Klawansky, S, Yeung, A, Berkey, C, Shah, N, Phan, H, Chalmers, T. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cranial electrostimulation. J Nerv Mental Dis. 1995;183:478–485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Cerletti, U, Bini, L. Un nuevo metodo di shockterapie “L'elettroshock.” Bollettino Accademia Medica Roma. 1997;64:136–138.Google Scholar
32.Fink, M. Convulsive Therapy: Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1979.Google Scholar
33.Abrams, R. Electroconvulsive Therapy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1997.Google Scholar
34.Kellner, CH, Beale, MD, Pritchett, JR, Bernstein, HJ, Burns, CM. Electroconvulsive therapy and Parkinson's disease: the case for further study. Psyhcopharmacol Bull. 1995;30:495–500.Google Scholar
35.Goldman, D. Brief stimulus electric shock therapy. J Nerv Mental Dis. 1949;110:36–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Sackeim, HA, Prudic, J, Devanand, DP, et al.Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:839–846.Google ScholarPubMed
37.Krystal, AD, Weiner, RD. ECT seizure therapeutic adequacy. Conv Ther. 1994;10:153–164.Google ScholarPubMed
38.Nobler, MS, Sackeim, HA, Prohovnik, I, et al.Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders, III: treatment and clinical response. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:884–897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Lisanby, SH, Leber, B, Finck, D, Osman, M, Schroeder, C, Sackeim, HA. Magnetic stimulation therapy: a novel convulsive technique [abstract]. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:205,645.Google Scholar
40.George, MS, Lisanby, SH, Sackheim, HA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications in neuropsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:300–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.George, MS, Wassermann, EM, Post, RM. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a neuropsychiatric tool for the 21st century. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci. 1996;8:373–382.Google Scholar
42.George, MS, Wassermann, EM, Williams, W, et al.Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;8:172–180.Google ScholarPubMed
43.Pascual-Leone, A, Catala, MD, Pascual, AP. Lateralized effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on mood. Neurology. 1996;46:499–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Martin, JD, George, MS, Greenberg, BD, et al.Mood effects of prefrontal repetitive high-frequency TMS in healthy volunteers. CNS Spectrums. 1997;2:53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Barker, AT, Jalinous, R, Freeston, IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985;1:1106–1107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Kolbinger, HM, Hoflich, G, Hufnagel, A, Moller, H-J, Kasper, S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of major depression: a pilot study. Human Psychopharmacol. 1995;10:305–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Hoflich, G, Kasper, S, Hufnagel, A, Ruhrmann, S, Moller, HJ. Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of drug-resistant major depression: a report of two cases. Human Psychopharmacol. 1993;8:361–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48.Grisaru, N, Yarovslavsky, U, Abarbanel, J, Lamberg, T, Belmaker, RH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression and schizophrenia. Euro Neuropsychopharmacol. 1994;4:287–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.George, MS, Wassermann, EM. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and ECT. Conv Ther. 1994;10:251–253.Google ScholarPubMed
50.George, MS, Wassermann, EM, Williams, WA, et al.Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. Neuroreport. 1995;6:1853–1856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Figiel, GS, Epstein, C, McDonald, WM, et al.The use of rapid rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in refractory depressed patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10:20–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.George, MS, Wassermann, EM, Williams, WA, et al. Daily left prefrontal rTMS in outpatient depression: initial results of a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial. Abstract presented during the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, 1996; Abstract #280.Google Scholar
53.George, MS, Wassermann, EM, Williams, WE, et al.Mood improvements following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:1752–1756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Pascual-Leone, A, Rubio, B, Pallardo, F, Catala, MD. Beneficial effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression. Lancet. 1996;348:233–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Nahas, Z, Speer, AM, Molloy, M, Arana, GW, Risch, SC, George, MS. Preliminary results concerning the roles of frequency and intensity in the antidepressant effect of daily left prefrontal rTMS [abstract]. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43:94s–#315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56.Klein, E, Kreinin, I, Chistyakov, A, et al.Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:315–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.George, MS, Nahas, Z, Bohning, DE, et al.Transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroimaging. In: George, MS, Belmaker, RH, eds. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1999.Google ScholarPubMed
58.Schachter, SC, Saper, CB. Vagus nerve stimulation (progress in epilepsy research). Epilepsia. 1998;39:677–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Zabara, J. Inhibition of experimental seizures in canines by repetitive vagal stimulation. Epilepsia. 1992;33:1005–1012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.The Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group. A randomized controlled trial of chronic vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of medically intractable seizures. Neurology. 1995;224:230.Google Scholar
61.Salinsky, MC, Uthman, BM, Ristanovic, RK, Wernicke, JF, Tarver, WB. Vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of medically intractable seizures: results of a 1-year open extension trial. Neurology. 1996;53:1176–1180.Google ScholarPubMed
62.Okuma, T, Kishimoto, A, Inoue, K, et al.Anti-manic and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine (tegretol) on manic depressive psychosis. Folia Psychiatrica el Neurologica. 1973;27:283–297.Google ScholarPubMed
63.Ballenger, JC, Post, RM. Theraputic effects of carbamazepine in affective illness: a preliminary report. Comm Psychopharmacol. 1978;2:159–175.Google Scholar
64.Youssef, HA, Waddington, JL. Primitive (developmental) reflexes and diffuse cerebral dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: overrepresentation in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry. 1988;23:791–796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Swann, AC, Bowden, CL, Morris, D, et al.Depression during mania: treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:37–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Fatemi, SH, Rapport, DJ, Calabrese, JR, Thuras, P. Lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:522–527.Google ScholarPubMed
67.Clark, KB, Naritoku, DK, Smith, DC, Browning, RA, Jensen, RA. Enhanced recognition memory following vagus nerve stimulation in human subjects. Nature Neurosci. 1999;2:94–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Heath, RG. Pleasure response of human subjects to direct stimulation of the brain: physiologic and psychodynamic considerations. In: Heath, RG, ed. The Role of Pleasure in Behavior. New York, NY: Hoeber; 1964:219–243.Google Scholar
69.Heath, RG, Dempsey, CW, Fontana, CJ, Myers, WA. Cerebellar stimulation: effects on septal region, hippocampus, and amygdala of cats and rats. Biol Psychiatry. 1978;13:501–529.Google ScholarPubMed
70.Heath, RG, Mickle, WA. Evaluation of seven years experience with depth electrode studies in human patients. In: Ramey, ER, O'Doherty, D, eds. Electrical Studies of the Unanesthetized Brain. New York, NY: Paul B. Hoeber, 1960:214–247.Google Scholar
71.Limousin, P, Krack, P, Pollak, P, et al.Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1105–1111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72.Bejjani, B-P, Damier, P, Arnulf, I, et al.Transient acute depression induced by high-frequency deep-brain stimulation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1476–1480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed