Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-bt4hw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T02:12:32.897Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparing the cognate effect in spoken and written second language word production

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2021

Merel Muylle Open the ORCID record for Merel Muylle [Opens in a new window] ,
Eva Van Assche  and
Robert J. Hartsuiker Open the ORCID record for Robert J. Hartsuiker [Opens in a new window]
Merel Muylle*
Affiliation:
Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Eva Van Assche
Affiliation:
Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
Robert J. Hartsuiker
Affiliation:
Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
*
Author for correspondence: Merel Muylle, E-mail: merel_muylle@hotmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Cognates – words that share form and meaning between languages – are processed faster than control words. However, is this facilitation effect merely lexical in nature or does it cascade to phonological/orthographic (i.e., sub-lexical) processes? This study compared cognate effects in spoken and typewritten production, which share lexical, but not sub-lexical processes. Dutch–English bilinguals produced English names for pictures representing Dutch–English cognates and control words in either the spoken or typewritten modality. Onset latencies were shorter and accuracy was higher for cognates vs. control words and this effect was similar in both modalities. Compared to controls, total latencies in the written modality were similar for cognates with much cross-linguistic overlap, but longer for ones with less overlap. Additionally, error analysis showed that cognates were more affected by L1 interference than controls. These results suggest two different cognate effects: one at the lexical and one at the sub-lexical level.

Keywords

bilingualismword productioncognate effectwriting

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , January 2022 , pp. 93 - 107
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Afonso, O and Álvarez, CJ (2011) Phonological effects in handwriting production: Evidence from the implicit priming paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37, 1474–1483. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024515Google ScholarPubMed
Alario, F.-X., Costa, A, Ferreira, VS and Pickering, MJ (2006) Architectures, representations and processes of language production. Language and Cognitive Processes 21, 777–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/016909600824112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alario, F.-X., Perre, L, Castel, C and Ziegler, JC (2007) The role of orthography in speech production revisited. Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.02.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Almeida, J, Knobel, M, Finkbeiner, M and Caramazza, A (2007) The locus of the frequency effect in picture naming: When recognizing is not enough. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14, 1177–1182. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, DJ, Levy, R, Scheepers, C and Tily, HJ (2013) Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language 68, 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baus, C, Strijkers, S and Costa, A (2013) When does word frequency influence written production? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 963. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00963CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, D, Mächler, M, Bolker, B and Walker, S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, T (2002) Slips of the typewriter key. Applied Psycholinguistics 23, 185–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716402002023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bi, Y, Wei, T, Janssen, N and Han, Z (2009) The contribution of orthography to spoken word production: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 16, 555–560. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.3.555CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonin, P, Chalard, M, Méot, A and Fayol, M (2002) The determinants of spoken and written picture naming latencies. British Journal of Psychology 93, 89–114. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712602162463CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonin, P and Fayol, M (2000) Writing words from pictures: What representations are activated, and when? Memory & Cognition 28, 677–689. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201257CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonin, P and Fayol, M (2002) Frequency effects in the written and spoken production of homophonic picture names. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 14, 289–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440143000078CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonin, P, Méot, A, Lagarrigue, A and Roux, S (2015) Written object naming, spelling to dictation, and immediate copying: Different tasks, different pathways? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 68, 1268–1294. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.978877CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonin, P, Peereman, R and Fayol, M (2001) Do phonological codes constrain the selection of orthographic codes in written picture naming? Journal of Memory and Language 45, 688–720. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2786CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broersma, M and De Bot, K (2006) Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 9, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728905002348CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bürkner, P.-C. (2017) brms : An R Package for Bayesian Multilevel Models Using Stan. Journal of Statistical Software 80, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v080.i01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, A (1997) How Many Levels of Processing Are There in Lexical Access? Cognitive Neuropsychology 14, 177–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/026432997381664CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christoffels, IK, de Groot, AMB and Kroll, JF (2006) Memory and language skills in simultaneous interpreters: The role of expertise and language proficiency⋆. Journal of Memory and Language 54, 324–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.12.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christoffels, IK, Firk, C and Schiller, NO (2007) Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research 1147, 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clyne, MG (1967) Transference and triggering: Observations on the language assimilation of postwar German-speaking migrants in Australia. Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Costa, A, Caramazza, A and Sebastian-Galles, N (2000) The Cognate Facilitation Effect: Implications for Models of Lexical Access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1283Google ScholarPubMed
Costa, A, Pannunzi, M, Deco, G and Pickering, MJ (2017) Do Bilinguals Automatically Activate Their Native Language When They Are Not Using It? Cognitive Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12434CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damian, MF and Bowers, JS (2003) Effects of orthography on speech production in a form-preparation paradigm. Journal of Memory and Language 49, 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00008-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damian, MF and Bowers, JS (2009) Assessing the role of orthography in speech perception and production: Evidence from picture-word interference tasks. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440801896007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damian, MF, Dorjee, D and Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H (2011) Long-term repetition priming in spoken and written word production: Evidence for a contribution of phonology to handwriting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37, 813–826. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023260Google ScholarPubMed
Damian, MF and Qu, Q (2013) Is handwriting constrained by phonology? Evidence from Stroop tasks with written responses and Chinese characters. Frontiers in Psychology 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00765CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Groot, AMB and Keijzer, R (2000) What Is Hard to Learn Is Easy to Forget: The Roles of Word Concreteness, Cognate Status, and Word Frequency in Foreign-Language Vocabulary Learning and Forgetting. Language Learning 50, 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Groot, AMB and Nas, GLJ (1991) Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language 30, 90–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90012-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Rosario-Martinez, H (2013) phia: Post-Hoc Interaction Analysis. In Available: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package5phia.Google Scholar
DeLeon, J, Gottesman, RF, Kleinman, JT, Newhart, M, Davis, C, Heidler-Gary, J, Lee, A and Hillis, AE (2007) Neural regions essential for distinct cognitive processes underlying picture naming. Brain 130, 1408–1422. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dell, GS (1986) A Spreading-Activation Theory of Retrieval in Sentence Production. Psychological Review. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.283CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, T and van Heuven, WJB (2002) The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 5, 175–197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728902003012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downey, SS, Hallmark, B, Cox, MP, Norquest, P and Lansing, JS (2008) Computational Feature-Sensitive Reconstruction of Language Relationships: Developing the ALINE Distance for Comparative Historical Linguistic Reconstruction. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 15, 340–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/09296170802326681CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downey, SS, Sun, G and Norquest, P (2017) alineR: an R Package for Optimizing Feature-Weighted Alignments and Linguistic Distances. The R Journal 9, 138. https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2017-005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duyck, W and De Houwer, J (2008) Semantic access in second-language visual word processing: Evidence from the semantic Simon paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15, 961–966. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.5.961CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duyck, W, Desmet, T, Verbeke, LPC and Brysbaert, M (2004) WordGen: A tool for word selection and nonword generation in Dutch, English, German, and French. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36, 488–499. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195595CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duyck, W, Van Assche, E, Drieghe, D and Hartsuiker, RJ (2007) Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33, 663–679. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.663Google Scholar
Ferrand, L, Grainger, J and Segui, J (1994) A study of masked form priming in picture and word naming. Memory & Cognition. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200868CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, N (1974) Problems in the anatomical understanding of the aphasias. In Benton, AL (ed), Contributions to Clinical Neuropsychology. Aldine, (pp. 431–451). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2093-0_20Google Scholar
Goldrick, M, Ferreira, VS and Miozzo, M (2014) The Oxford Handbook of Language Production. In Goldrick, M, Ferreira, VS and Miozzo, M (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Language Production. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199735471.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, DW (1998) Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillis, AE, Rapp, B, Romani, C and Caramazza, A (1990) Selective impairment of semantics in lexical processing. Cognitive Neuropsychology 7, 191–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299008253442CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoshino, N and Kroll, JF (2008) Cognate effects in picture naming: Does cross-language activation survive a change of script? Cognition 106, 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Indefrey, P and Levelt, WJM (2004) The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2002.06.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, KH and Engelhardt, L (2012) The effects of handwriting experience on functional brain development in pre-literate children. Trends in Neuroscience and Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2012.08.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jescheniak, JD and Levelt, WJM (1994) Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20, 824–843. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.4.824Google Scholar
Kroll, JF, Bobb, SC and Wodniecka, Z (2006) Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002483CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, JF and Stewart, E (1994) Category Interference in Translation and Picture Naming: Evidence for Asymmetric Connections Between Bilingual Memory Representations. Journal of Memory and Language 33, 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagrou, E, Hartsuiker, RJ and Duyck, W (2011) Knowledge of a second language influences auditory word recognition in the native language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37, 952–965. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023217Google ScholarPubMed
Lauro, J and Schwartz, AI (2017) Bilingual non-selective lexical access in sentence contexts: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Memory and Language 92, 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.06.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemhöfer, K and Broersma, M (2012) Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research Methods 44, 325–343. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemhöfer, K, Dijkstra, T and Michel, M (2004) Three languages, one ECHO: Cognate effects in trilingual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes 19, 585–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960444000007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levelt, WJM, Roelofs, A and Meyer, AS (1999) A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, 1–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99001776CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, C and Gollan, TH (2018) Cognates facilitate switches and then confusion: Contrasting effects of cascade versus feedback on language selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000497Google ScholarPubMed
Lotto, L and de Groot, AMB (1998) Effects of Learning Method and Word Type on Acquiring Vocabulary in an Unfamiliar Language. Language Learning 48, 31–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.00032CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luria, AR (1970) Traumatic Aphasia. DE GRUYTER MOUTON. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110816297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, CD and Nozari, N (2020) Language control in bilingual production: Insights from error rate and error type in sentence production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000590Google Scholar
Matuschek, H, Kliegl, R, Vasishth, S, Baayen, H and Bates, D (2017) Balancing Type I error and power in linear mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language 94, 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meade, G, Midgley, KJ, Dijkstra, T and Holcomb, PJ (2018) Cross-language Neighborhood Effects in Learners Indicative of an Integrated Lexicon. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01184CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miceli, G, Benvegnu, B, Capasso, R and Caramazza, A (1997) The independence of phonological and orthographic lexical forms: Evidence from aphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 14, 35–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/026432997381619CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muscalu, LM and Smiley, PA (2019) The illusory benefit of cognates: Lexical facilitation followed by sublexical interference in a word typing task. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, 848–865. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000792CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheim, G, Wu, YJ and Thierry, G (2018) Found in Translation: Late Bilinguals Do Automatically Activate Their Native Language When They Are Not Using It. Cognitive Science 42, 1700–1713. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12618CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palma, P, Whitford, V and Titone, D (2019) Cross-Language Activation and Executive Control Modulate Within-Language Ambiguity Resolution: Evidence From Eye Movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000742Google ScholarPubMed
Peirce, J, Gray, JR, Simpson, S, MacAskill, M, Höchenberger, R, Sogo, H, Kastman, E and Lindeløv, JK (2019) PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-01193-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perret, C and Laganaro, M (2012) Comparison of electrophysiological correlates of writing and speaking: A topographic ERP analysis. Brain Topography. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-011-0200-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perret, C and Laganaro, M (2013) Why are written picture naming latencies (not) longer than spoken naming? Reading and Writing 26, 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-012-9365-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pivneva, I, Mercier, J and Titone, D (2014) Executive control modulates cross-language lexical activation during L2 reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035583Google ScholarPubMed
Qu, Q, Damian, MF and Li, X (2016) Phonology contributes to writing: Evidence from a masked priming task. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31, 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2015.1091086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qu, Q, Damian, MF, Zhang, Q and Zhu, X (2011) Phonology Contributes to Writing. Psychological Science 22, 1107–1112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
R Core Team. (2016) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. In R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Google Scholar
Rapp, B, Benzing, L and Caramazza, A (1997) The autonomy of lexical orthography. Cognitive Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/026432997381628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, B and Caramazza, A (1997) From Graphemes to Abstract Letter Shapes: Levels of Representation in Written Spelling. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.23.4.1130Google ScholarPubMed
Roelofs, A (2006) The influence of spelling on phonological encoding in word reading, object naming, and word generation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193809CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Severens, E, Van Lommel, S, Ratinckx, E and Hartsuiker, RJ (2005) Timed picture naming norms for 590 pictures in Dutch. Acta Psychologica 119, 159–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.01.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shelton, JR and Weinrich, M (1997) Further Evidence of a Dissociation between Output Phonological and Orthographic Lexicons: A Case Study. Cognitive Neuropsychology 14, 105–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/026432997381637CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starreveld, PA, de Groot, AMB, Rossmark, BMM and Van Hell, JG (2014) Parallel language activation during word processing in bilinguals: Evidence from word production in sentence context. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, 258–276. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strijkers, K, Costa, A and Thierry, G (2010) Tracking lexical access in speech production: Electrophysiological correlates of word frequency and cognate effects. Cerebral Cortex. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp153CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Assche, E, Drieghe, D, Duyck, W, Welvaert, M and Hartsuiker, RJ (2011) The influence of semantic constraints on bilingual word recognition during sentence reading. Journal of Memory and Language 64, 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.08.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Assche, E, Duyck, W, Hartsuiker, RJ and Diependaele, K (2009) Does Bilingualism Change Native-Language Reading? Psychological Science 20, 923–927. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02389.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Hell, JG and Dijkstra, T (2002) Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196335CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Heuven, WJB, Dijkstra, T and Grainger, J (1998) Orthographic Neighborhood Effects in Bilingual Word Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language 39, 458–483. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2584CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woutersen, M, De Bot, K and Weltens, B (1995) The bilingual lexicon: Modality effects in processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 24, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02145058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Q and Damian, MF (2012) Effects of Orthography on Speech Production in Chinese. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 41, 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-011-9193-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Q and Wang, C (2015) Phonology is not accessed earlier than orthography in Chinese written production: evidence for the orthography autonomy hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00448CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Q and Wang, C (2016) The temporal courses of phonological and orthographic encoding in handwritten production in Chinese: An ERP study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00417CrossRefGoogle Scholar