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Visual prediction: Psychophysics and neurophysiology of compensation for time delays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2008

Romi Nijhawan
Romi Nijhawan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, BN1 9QH, United Kingdomromin@sussex.ac.ukhttp://www.sussex.ac.uk/psychology/profile116415.html
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Abstract

A necessary consequence of the nature of neural transmission systems is that as change in the physical state of a time-varying event takes place, delays produce error between the instantaneous registered state and the external state. Another source of delay is the transmission of internal motor commands to muscles and the inertia of the musculoskeletal system. How does the central nervous system compensate for these pervasive delays? Although it has been argued that delay compensation occurs late in the motor planning stages, even the earliest visual processes, such as phototransduction, contribute significantly to delays. I argue that compensation is not an exclusive property of the motor system, but rather, is a pervasive feature of the central nervous system (CNS) organization. Although the motor planning system may contain a highly flexible compensation mechanism, accounting not just for delays but also variability in delays (e.g., those resulting from variations in luminance contrast, internal body temperature, muscle fatigue, etc.), visual mechanisms also contribute to compensation. Previous suggestions of this notion of “visual prediction” led to a lively debate producing re-examination of previous arguments, new analyses, and review of the experiments presented here. Understanding visual prediction will inform our theories of sensory processes and visual perception, and will impact our notion of visual awareness.

Keywords

biased competitioncompensationcoordinate transformationfeedforward controlflash-laginternal modelslateral interactionsneural representationreference framestime delaysvisual awareness

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Type
Main Articles
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , April 2008 , pp. 179 - 198
Copyright
Copyright ©Cambridge University Press 2008

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